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2009 swine flu pandemic in Africa

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Further information: 2009 flu pandemic by country
See also: 2009 flu pandemic timeline and A/H1N1
See also: 2009 swine flu pandemic timeline summary
Main article: 2009 flu pandemic

The 2009 flu pandemic hit Africa two months later than other continents with the first case reported in Egypt on June 2, 2009. As of December 1, 30 countries in Africa had reported cases and 7 countries in Africa had reported a total of 108 deaths. It was the least affected continent.

Symptoms of H1N1 swine flu are like regular flu symptoms and include fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. Many people with swine flu have had diarrhea and vomiting, but these symptoms can also be caused by many other conditions. That means that you and your doctor can't know, just based on your symptoms, if you've got swine flu. Healthcare professionals may offer a rapid flu test, although a negative result doesn't mean you don't have the flu. The accuracy of the test depends on the quality of the manufacturer's test, the sample collection method, and how much of the virus a person is emitting at the time of testing.

Like seasonal flu, pandemic swine flu can cause neurological symptoms in children. These events are rare, but, as cases associated with seasonal flu have shown, they can be very severe and often fatal. Symptoms include seizures or changes in mental status (confusion or sudden cognitive or behavioral changes). It's not clear why these symptoms occur, although they may be caused by Reye's syndrome. Reye's syndrome usually occurs in children with a viral illness who have taken aspirin—something that should always be avoided.[1]

Detected human cases in African countries
Country Cases Deaths
Laboratory confirmed Laboratory confirmed
Total 28,616 345
South Africa 12,631[2] 93[3]
Egypt 11,765[4] 210[5]
Morocco 2980[4] 50[3]
Algeria 672[2] 47[3]
Mauritius 69[2] 8[3]
Tunisia 1200[4] 18[3]
Madagascar 877[2] 3[3]
Mozambique 101[2] 2[3]
São Tomé and Príncipe 41[2] 2[3]
Nigeria 11[2] 2[3]
Tanzania 677[2] 1[3]
Libya 233[4] 1[3]
Namibia 72[2] 1[3]
Sudan 145[4] 5[3]
Kenya 417[2] 0
Rwanda 331[2] 0
Uganda 251[2] 0
Zambia 90[2] 0
Democratic Republic of Congo 222[2] 0
Lesotho 65[2] 0
Cape Verde 62[2] 0
Ghana 54[2] 0
Zimbabwe 41[2] 0
Angola 37[2] 0
Seychelles 33[2] 0
Botswana 23[2] 0
Republic of the Congo 21[2] 0
Djibouti 9[4] 0
Burundi 7[2] 0
Mali 7[2] 0
Ethiopia 6[2] 0
Cameroon 4[2] 0
Malawi 4[2] 0
Côte d'Ivoire 3[2] 0
Swaziland 2[2] 0
Gabon 1[2] 0
Summary: Number of African countries with confirmed cases: 35 (13 November 2009)
2009 flu pandemic
in Africa:
  Deaths
  Confirmed cases
  Suspected cases
  No reported cases
  No deaths
  1+ deaths
  5+ deaths
  10+ deaths
  50+ deaths
  100+ deaths
  50 000+ confirmed cases
  5 000+ confirmed cases
  500+ confirmed cases
  50+ confirmed cases
  5+ confirmed cases
  1+ confirmed cases
  Community Outbreaks

Algeria

The first case of swine influenza was detected in Algeria on June 20. This was an Algerian national, resident in Frankfurt and coming from Miami with her two children.

This first case was detected at Houari Boumediene Airport. Many Algerian immigrants and tourists were arriving during this holiday period, increasing the risk of spreading the virus. The woman suffering from flu was immediately transferred to the hospital of El-Kettar’ in Algiers.[6]

Benin

As of May 2, 2009 there was one suspected case of swine flu in Benin.[7]

Egypt

The Egyptian government increased numbers of medical officers at Cairo Airport and pledged to monitor passengers from Mexico during their stay.[8]

The government ordered the mass slaughter of all pigs in Egypt on April 29,[9] even though the pandemic strain was a human-human transmittable, human influenza that has already previously hybridized with avian and swine flu.[10] The World Organization for Animal Health called the swine killing "scientifically unjustified".[10]

Egypt commenced the slaughter on 2 May 2009.[11] On the next day in Cairo, an estimated 300 Coptic Christian residents of the Manshiyat Nasr district set up blockades on the street in attempt to keep government officers from confiscating their pigs,[12] which led to clashes with the police.[13] Al-Ahram, a widely circulated Egyptian newspaper, reported that owners of destroyed pigs would receive E£1,000 (approximately US$177.70) per animal in compensation,[14] but Reuters reported that the issue was still "under discussion", citing an Egyptian cabinet spokesman.[14]

The first case of the novel H1N1 virus was discovered in Cairo, Egypt on the second of June, in a 12-year-old girl coming from the US with her mother. Only the girl was infected, and the officials caught the case before she left the airport.

A second and third case were discovered on Sunday 7 June: two students at the American University of Cairo.[15]

As of June 9, there was 8 confirmed case of swine flu in Egypt.

On June 11, 2 more cases were discovered, along with 2 cases discovered a day earlier, bringing the total number of swine flu cases to 12.[16]

As of December 3, the confirmed cases were 3558 and the deaths of 24. As of January 31, there were 258 confirmed deaths from A/H1N1 influenza in Egypt, and in excess of 15,800 confirmed cases of H1N1.[17]

Ethiopia

On June 19, 2009 the Ethiopian government reported two cases of swine flu. They were both in girls who had returned from school in the United States for summer break.[18][19] One additional case was reported by July 6.[20] By December 14, 2009, six cases had been reported with no deaths contributed to the flu.[2]

Ghana

Ghana banned the importation of pork and pork products.[21] As of December 14, 2009, Ghana had 54 cases with no deaths reported.[2]

Kenya

Kenya health authorities started screening travellers at Jomo Kenyatta and Moi international airports on April 28. Public Health and Sanitation minister Beth Mugo said travellers from Mexico and those from Texas, California and New York were being screened.[22]

On June 29, a British medical student became the first confirmed case of swine flu in Kenya. The student, who was in a group of 33, was in Kenya to attend a series of medical camps in Nyanza province. The whole group was quarantined in their hotel in Kisumu while undergoing treatment.

There was a panic in Nairobi as mobile text messages circulated warning people to stay away from Sarit centre, a popular commercial establishment where another suspected case had been diagnosed. The patient's test results, however, came back negative for the H1N1 virus.[23][24][25]

As of December 14, 2009, Kenya had 417 cases with no deaths reported.[2]

Libya

On 6 July 2009, Libya had its first confirmed case of swine flu from a man that had travelled from Thailand via Dubai.[26] As of December 5, 2009, Libya had 124 cases with no deaths.[27]

Morocco

Morocco confirmed the first case of novel human swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on 12 June, in an 18-year-old university student returning from Canada.[28] As of December 5, 2009, Morocco had 1,763 cases with 5 deaths.[27]

Namibia

Outbreak evolution in Namibia
  Deaths
  Confirmed cases

Namibia confirmed its first two cases of swine flu on July 20.

Both cases involved young adults who had been traveling in other countries: a 13-year-old boy from Rehoboth who returned from a rugby trip with 20 other students in South Africa and a young student returning from Europe. The latter was taken by ambulance to hospital directly from the international airport in Windhoek as she showed severe signs of flu.[29]

Nigeria

Nigerian Health Minister Babatunde Osotimehin announced that the country was stockpiling antiviral treatments, informing the public and increasing surveillance.[8]

The first A/H1N1 death was confirmed in Nigeria on 5 January 2010, with the victim being a 38-year-old woman from Lagos who was infected in the US.

Tunisia

Tunisia confirmed the two first cases of swine flu (A/H1N1-2009) on June 22. Both cases were returning from the United States, and recovered quickly.[30]

South Africa

Outbreak evolution in South Africa
  Deaths
  Confirmed cases

On April 29, South Africa reported two possible cases of swine flu from two women who had recently travelled in Mexico.[31] On June 18, the first case was confirmed. Later, on 29 June the South African National Department of Health confirmed 7 cases of swine influenza in the country.[32]

The first death in South Africa was confirmed on 3 August. The victim was a student at the University of Stellenbosch. A few days later the second confirmed death was announced: a male in Durban, Mount Edgecombe[33] As of December 14, 2009, South Africa had 12631 cases with 91 deaths.[27]

The H1N1 virus was a concern for the 2010 FIFA World Cup, which took place in June 2010 but there were not any major issues with the flu during the tournament.[34][35]

Sudan

The first case of swine flu in Sudan was confirmed in mid-July 2009. At the end of November the first case was confirmed in Southern Sudan.[36]

As of December 28, 2009, there were five deaths and over 150 confirmed cases of swine flu in Sudan.[37]

Zambia

An emergency task force was set up by the Zambian government.[8]

Timeline

2009 A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa
2 June Egypt First case confirmed in Egypt.
12 June Morocco First case confirmed in Morocco.
18 June South Africa First case confirmed in South Africa.
19 June Ethiopia First case confirmed in Ethiopia.
20 June Algeria First case confirmed in Algeria.
22 June Tunisia First case confirmed in Tunisia.
24 June Cape Verde First case confirmed in the Cape Verde Islands.
Ivory Coast First case confirmed in Côte d'Ivoire.
29 June Kenya First case confirmed in Kenya.
Mauritius First case confirmed in Mauritius.
30 June Egypt Community outbreaks confirmed in Egypt.
2 July Uganda First case confirmed in Uganda.
6 July Libya First case confirmed in Libya.
8 July Seychelles First case confirmed in Seychelles.
9 July Tanzania First case confirmed in Tanzania.
10 July Botswana First case confirmed in Botswana.
Réunion First case confirmed in Reunion.
Zimbabwe First case confirmed in Zimbabwe.
16 July Sudan First case confirmed in Sudan.
Morocco Community outbreaks confirmed in Morocco.
19 July Egypt First death confirmed in Egypt, thus Africa.
20 July Namibia First case confirmed in Namibia.
25 July South Africa Community outbreaks confirmed in South Africa.
28 July Zambia First case confirmed in Zambia.
29 July Eswatini First case confirmed in Swaziland.
30 July Gabon First case confirmed in Gabon.
1 August Mayotte First case confirmed in Mayotte.
3 August South Africa First death confirmed in South Africa.
6 August Ghana First case confirmed in Ghana.
9 August Algeria Community outbreaks confirmed in Algeria.
10 August Mauritius First death confirmed in Mauritius.
14 August Cameroon First case confirmed in Cameroon.
Madagascar First case confirmed in Madagascar.
15 August Democratic Republic of the Congo First case confirmed in Democratic Republic of the Congo.
17 August Mozambique First case confirmed in Mozambique.
26 August Angola First case confirmed in Angola.
31 August Djibouti First case confirmed in Djibouti.
1 September Lesotho First case confirmed in Lesotho.
Réunion First death confirmed in Reunion.
7 September Namibia First death confirmed in Namibia.
8 September Madagascar First death confirmed in Madagascar.
10 September Malawi First case confirmed in Malawi.
14 September Mozambique First death confirmed in Mozambique.
6 October Tanzania First death confirmed in Tanzania.
12 October Rwanda First case confirmed in Rwanda.
São Tomé and Príncipe First case confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
15 October Mayotte First death confirmed in Mayotte.
18 October Sudan First death confirmed in Sudan.
25 October São Tomé and Príncipe First death confirmed in São Tomé and Príncipe.
29 October Republic of the Congo First case confirmed in the Republic of the Congo.
Nigeria First case confirmed in Nigeria.
1 November Morocco Mass vaccinations in Morocco begins
3 November Egypt Mass vaccinations in Egypt begins
11 November Burundi First case confirmed in Burundi.
13 November Somalia First case confirmed in Somalia.
16 November Tunisia First death confirmed in Tunisia.
Morocco First death confirmed in Morocco.
27 November Algeria First death confirmed in Algeria.
30 November Libya First death confirmed in Libya.
2010 A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Africa
5 January Nigeria First death confirmed in Nigeria.
11 January Mali First case confirmed in Mali.
29 January Chad First case confirmed in Chad.
3 February Mauritania First case confirmed in Mauritania.
9 February Senegal First case confirmed in Senegal.
25 February Niger First case confirmed in Niger.
12 April Guinea First case confirmed in Guinea.

References

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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the African Region: Update 63" (PDF). WHO AFRO. 2009-11-04. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "ECDC Daily Update - Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - 06 November 2009" (PDF). 6 November 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2009.
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  7. ^ Swine flue confirmed in Benin, The Times, May 2, 2009. Accessed 2009-08-03. Archived 2009-09-08.
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  10. ^ a b "OIE position on safety of international trade of pigs and products of pig origin". World Organization for Animal Health. April 28, 2009. Archived from the original on September 3, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-30.
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  14. ^ a b Stewart, Phil (2009-04-29). "UN agency slams Egypt order to cull all pigs". Reuters. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
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