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Dactylogyrus

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Dactylogyrus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea
Order: Dactylogyridea
Family: Dactylogyridae
Genus: Dactylogyrus
Diesing, 1850

Dactylogyrus is a genus of monogeneans in the Dactylogyridae family.

Like other monogeneans, species of Dactylogyrus only have one host required to complete their life cycle.

Introduction

Members of Dactylogyrus (common name: Gill Fluke) are oviparous (egg-laying) monogeneans trematodes that have two pairs of anchors. These anchors can be used to latch onto the gills of a host, particularly freshwater fish such as carp. In heavily infected fish, Dactylogyrus can also be found on the buccal cavity, and at times fins and skin of the freshwater fish.

Species

Dactylogyrus is one of the most speciose genus of helminths, with more than 900 species described,[1][2][3][4] such as Dactylogyrus vastator. Consequently, in 1996, it was estimated that the taxonomy was "in a state of considerable confusion".[1]

Anatomy

The variety of male copulatory organs in species of Dactylogyrus

Other characteristics of Dactylogyrus species include the appearance of four eye-spots, 14 marginal hooks (7 pairs), one to two connective bars and two needle-like structures and spindle-shaped dactylogyrid-type seminal vesicles.[5] Dactylogyrus has an adult structure that is up to 2 mm in length.[6]

Life cycle

The life cycle of Dactylogyrus species is direct, having no intermediate host. The hermaphroditic adults are oviparous and produce eggs into the water which hatch prior to attaching to the gills of a fish host and developing into an oncomiracidium.[7]

Adult Dactylogyrus lay about 4-10 eggs per day.[8] After the eggs hatch, water currents aid the free-swimming ciliated larva in reaching its host. Once eggs are released into the water and have hatched within 4 days time period at 20 °C, the free-swimming ciliated larvae then is required to find their host within a 6–8 hours time frame in order to survive.[9] The time required for egg maturation into the adult form is temperature dependent. Water temperatures of 72–75 °F allow life cycle completion in a few days, whereas temperatures of 34–36 °F extend the generation time to five or six months.[10]

Prevalence

Dactylogyrus species are monogenean parasites that are usually found on the gills of cyprinid fishes.[11] The prevalence of Dactylogyrus infection on fish differ depending on the seasons. It was found that Dactylogyrus infections are at their greatest during late autumn or early winter.[12] Correlation has also been found between the temperature of the water and the intensity of Dactylogyrus infection.[13] It is also generally accepted that fish are exposed to increased Dactylogyrus infections during their spawning period.[13]

Symptoms

Cyprinid fish that are infected by Dactylogyrus species may have symptoms that include inflamed gills, excessive mucous secretions and accelerated respiration. Also increased movement of the gills due to damage (fibrosis) the fluke is causing to the tissues.[9] The infected fish also becomes lethargic, swims near the surface, and its appetite decreases.[10] Additionally the infected fish may hold its gill covers open and scratch its gills on rocks.[14]

In severe infections, Dactylogyrus species can cause hemorrhaging and metaplasia of the gills which can lead to secondary bacterial infections and death. Heavily infected fish are also anorexic and can be found gasping for air and exhibiting abnormal behavior such as jumping out of the water.[5]

Treatment

A primary method for control of Dactylogyrus species is the application of chemicals. Treatments include Praziquantel, salt baths, formalin or organophosphates, fenbendazole, albendazole, Bromex-50 and potassium permanganate.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b Gibson, David I.; Timofeeva, Tatjana A.; Gerasev, Pavel I. (1996). "A catalogue of the nominal species of the monogenean genus Dactylogyrus Diesing, 1850 and their host genera". Systematic Parasitology. 35 (1): 3–48. doi:10.1007/BF00012180. ISSN 0165-5752.
  2. ^ Řehulková, Eva; Benovics, Michal; Šimková, Andrea (2020). "Uncovering the diversity of monogeneans (Platyhelminthes) on endemic cypriniform fishes of the Balkan Peninsula: new species of Dactylogyrus and comments on their phylogeny and host-parasite associations in a biogeographic context". Parasite. 27: 66. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020059. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7685236. Open access icon
  3. ^ Molokomme, Prince S.; Benovics, Michal; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Lukhele, Linda P.; Přikrylová, Iva (2023). "Dactylogyrus spp. (Dactylogyridae, Monogenea) from tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii imported into South Africa: morphometric and molecular characterisation". Parasite. 30: 29. doi:10.1051/parasite/2023031. PMC 10416761. Open access icon
  4. ^ Řehulková, Eva; Seifertová, Mária; Francová, Kateřina; Šimková, Andrea (2023). "Nearctic Dactylogyrus species (Platyhelminthes, Monogenea) parasitizing cypriniform fishes in the context of morphology and phylogeny, with descriptions of seven new species". Parasite. 30: 30. doi:10.1051/parasite/2023032. PMC 10433842. Open access icon
  5. ^ a b c Woo, P.T.K, David W. Bruno, L. H. Susan Lim. Diseases and Disorders of Finfish in Cage Culture. Malaysia: CABI, 2002.
  6. ^ Pond Life: Fish Health: Skin Flukes. 2007. Pond Life. 15 May 2009. http://pond-life.me.uk/fishhealth/gyrodactylus.php.
  7. ^ Moeller Jr., Robert B. "Miscellaneous Parasites of Fish." Cichlid-Forum.com. California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System University of California. 17 May 2009 <http://www.cichlid-forum.com/articles/diseases_misc_parasites.php>
  8. ^ Craig Banner. "Dactylogyrus" fishpathogens.net. Oregon State University. 2014. <https://fishpathogens.net/pathogen/dactylogyrus>
  9. ^ a b Karen Paul."Flukes(Gyrodactylus and Dactylogyrus)." pond-life.me.uk. Pond Life: Fish Health. 2007-2017 <http://www.pond-life.me.uk/fishhealth/gyrodactylus>
  10. ^ a b Reed, Peggy A., Ruth Francis-Floyd, and Ruthellen C. Klinger. "FA28/FA033: Monogenean Parasites of Fish." EDIS - Electronic Data Information Source - UF/IFAS Extension. University of Florida. 17 May 2009 <http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FA033>
  11. ^ Koskivaara, M., Valtonen, E. T. & Prost,M. (1991) Dactylogyrids on the gills of roach in Central Finland: Features of infection and species composition. Int. J. Parasitol. 21: 565–572.
  12. ^ Öztürk, M. O. and Altunel, F. N. (2006.) Occurrence of Dactylogyrus infection linked to seasonal changes and host fish size on four Cyprinid fishes in Lake Manyas, Turkey. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 52 (4), pp. 407–415, 2006.
  13. ^ a b Hanzelová, V. & Žitnan, R. (1985) Epizootiologic importance of the concurrent monogenean invasion in carp. J. Helminthologia 22: 277–283.
  14. ^ Dawes, John. Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium. Firefly Books, 2001.
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