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For the English hamlet, see Tiddleywink.

Tiddlywinks
Box Cover, 1897[1][2]
Years active1888 to present
GenresSkill & action game
Playersusually 2 or 4; sometimes 3; 6 for a triples match
Setup time1 minute
Playing time30 minutes to an hour
SkillsStrategy, physical skill
SynonymsWinks

Tiddlywinks is a game played on a flat felt mat with sets of small discs called "winks", a pot, which is the target, and a collection of squidgers, which are also discs. Players use a "squidger" (nowadays made of plastic) to shoot a wink into flight by flicking the squidger across the top of a wink and then over its edge, thereby propelling it into the air. The offensive objective of the game is to score points by sending your own winks into the pot. The defensive objective of the game is to prevent your opponents from potting their winks by "squopping" them: shooting your own winks to land on top of your opponents' winks. As part of strategic gameplay, players often attempt to squop their opponents' winks and develop, maintain and break up large piles of winks.

Tiddlywinks is sometimes considered a simple-minded, frivolous children's game, rather than a sophisticated strategic game.[3][4][5] However, the modern competitive game of tiddlywinks made a strong comeback at the University of Cambridge in 1955. The modern game uses far more complex rules and a consistent set of high-grade equipment.

Etymology

Tiddlywinks derives from British rhyming slang for an unlicensed public house or a small inn only licensed to sell beer and cider (tiddlywink, kiddlywink).[6][7][8] Tiddly was slang for an alcoholic drink.[6] It may be related to pillywinks.[9]

Rules

The French jeu de puces ("flea game"), a catapult version of tiddlywinks

Tiddlywinks is a competitive game involving four colours of winks. Each player controls the winks of a colour, the colours being blue, green, red and yellow.[10] Red and blue are always partners against green and yellow. There are six winks of each colour, which begin the game in the corners of a felt mat measuring 6 feet by 3 feet. This mat is ordinarily placed on a table, and a pot is placed at its centre. There are two primary methods of play with the four colors of winks: a pairs game, and a singles game. The pairs game involves four players, playing in partnerships, with each winker playing a single color. The singles game involves a single winker playing against another single winker, each playing two colors of winks in alternation.

The players take turns, and there are two basic aims: to cover (or squop) opponent winks, and to get one's own winks into the pot. As in pool or snooker, if a player pots a wink of their own colour, they are entitled to an extra shot, and this enables a skilled player to pot all of their winks in one turn. The point of squopping, which is the key element distinguishing the modern competitive game from the child's game (though recognized in even the earliest rules from 1890), is that a wink that is covered (even partially) may not be played by its owner. The wink on top may be played, though, and sophisticated play involves shots manipulating large piles of winks.

The game ends in one of two ways: either all the winks of one colour are potted (a pot-out), or play continues up to a specified time limit (usually 25 minutes), after which each colour has a further five turns. Then a scoring system is used to rank the players, based on the numbers of potted and unsquopped winks of each colour.

Strategy

The important appeal of the game for many players is the required combination of manual dexterity and strategic thought as well as tactics.[11] Tiddlywinkers often claim that the game combines physical skill (such as in snooker or golf) with the strategy of chess. Tiddlywinks is unique in the combination of skill and strategy it requires. Strategy in tiddlywinks is often rather deep, since winks can be captured by squopping (covering) them. Strategic and tactical planning involves anticipating opponents' moves rather than just building a sequence of one's own moves. Another factor that complicates the game is that there is a time limit to the play of the game; it does not merely run until some objective in the game has been met.

All in all, tiddlywinks goes beyond the purely cerebral nature of a game such as chess. The fact that shots can be made or missed, together with the continuum of possible outcomes, makes strategy much less rigid than in chess, and prevents planning more than seven or eight shots in advance.

Equipment

The winks and pot used in competitive play are standard, and are supplied by the English Tiddlywinks Association. The pots are made of moulded plastic (historically always red), with specified diameters at the top and the base, and specified height. The winks are made to specified measurements, and are made by slicing an extruded cylinder rather than by moulding, and then smoothing them in a tumbler. Although this leads to some minor variation in thickness, it produces a much smoother edge to the wink than that seen on cheap moulded winks.

The mats are made of thick felt. Mats obtained from different suppliers have different characteristics, and part of the skill of a tournament player is to adjust to different mats.

Squidgers are custom-made by their owners or purchased from squidger makers. A player may use as many as they like, selecting an appropriate squidger for each shot. Top players may carry up to twenty different squidgers, but will not typically use all of them in one game. The rules governing squidgers permit a range of dimensions, and the material is not specified, except for the condition that squidgers must not damage either the winks or the mat. Modern squidgers are predominantly made from different types of plastic, though antique ones were made from bone, vegetable ivory, and other materials. Squidgers are usually filed or sanded to form a sharp edge and then polished.[12]

Terminology

Selected terms used in the game include:[13][14][15]

Blitz: an attempt to pot all six winks of a given player's colour early in the game

Bomb: to send a wink at a pile, usually from distance, in the hope of significantly disturbing it

Boondock: to free a squopped wink by sending it a long way away, leaving the squopping wink free in the battle area

Bristol: a shot which moves a pile of two or more winks as a single unit; the shot is played by holding the squidger at a right angle to its normal plane

Carnovsky (US)/Penhaligon (UK): potting a wink from the baseline (i.e., from 3 feet away)

Cracker (UK): a simultaneous knock-off and squop, i.e. a shot which knocks one wink off the top of another while simultaneously squopping it

Crud (UK): a forceful shot whose purpose is to destroy a pile completely

Good shot: named after John Good. The shot consists of playing a flat wink (one not involved in a pile) through a nearby pile with the intent of destroying the pile

Gromp: an attempt to jump a pile onto another wink (usually with the squidger held in a conventional rather than a Bristol fashion)

John Lennon memorial shot: a simultaneous boondock and squop

Lunch: to pot a squopped wink (usually belonging to an opponent)

Scrunge (UK): to bounce out of the pot

Squidger: the disc used to shoot a wink[16]

Squop: to play a wink so that it comes to rest above another wink[17]

Sub: to play a wink so that it (unintentionally) ends up under another wink

Tiddlies: points calculated when determining the finishing placement of winkers in a tiddlywinks game

History

Nineteenth century

Tiddley Winks by William Somerville Shanks (1897)

The game began as a parlour game in Victorian England. Bank clerk[18] Joseph Assheton Fincher (1863–1900)[19][20] filed the original patent application for the game in 1888[21] and applied for the trademark Tiddledy-Winks in 1889.[22] John Jaques and Son were the exclusive distributors of the game named Tiddledy-Winks.[23]

However, competition was quite fierce, and for several years starting in 1888 other game publishers came out with their own versions of the game using other names, including Spoof, Flipperty Flop, Jumpkins, Golfette, Maro, Flutter, and many others.[24] It became one of the most popular crazes during the 1890s, played by adults and children alike.[25]

Throughout its history, many different varieties were produced to meet the marketplace demands, including those combining tiddledy-winks principles with tennis, basketball, baseball, croquet, cricket, football, golf, and other popular sports and endeavours.[26] Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, the public perception of the game changed.

Competition organisations

There are two national associations, the English Tiddlywinks Association (ETwA)[27] and the North American Tiddlywinks Association (NATwA),[28] (the Scottish Tiddlywinks Association[29] having disbanded in the late 1990s).[30] These organisations are responsible for conducting tournaments and maintaining the rules of the game. International competition is overseen by the International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations (IFTwA),[31] founded on 16 June 1963[32] though in practice it is rarely called upon to intervene.

Although tiddlywinks nowadays is a singles or pairs game, competition in the 1950s until the 2000s centred on team competition, with teams consisting of several (two to four) pairs. There were a number of university teams, and international matches were also played. More recently, singles and pairs tournaments have come to be the focus of competitive tiddlywinks, with only a few team matches being played each year. The four most prestigious tournaments are the National Singles and National Pairs tournaments held in England and the United States. The World Singles and World Pairs championships operate on a challenge basis; anyone winning a national tournament (or being the highest-placed home player behind a foreign winner) is entitled to challenge the current champion.

There are several other less prestigious tournaments in England and the United States throughout the year, often with a format designed to encourage inexperienced players. The results of tournaments and world championship matches are used to calculate Tiddlywinks Ratings,[33] which give a ranking of players.

1950s

The birth of the modern game can be traced to a group of Cambridge University undergraduates meeting in Christ's College on 16 January 1955.[34] Their aim was to devise a sport at which they could represent the university. Within three years the Oxford University Tiddlywinks Society was formed; although the two universities had been playing matches since 1946.[35] In 1957, an article appeared in The Spectator entitled "Does Prince Philip cheat at tiddlywinks?"[36] Sensing a good publicity opportunity the Cambridge University Tiddlywinks Club (CUTwC) challenged Prince Philip (later to become Chancellor of the University in 1976) to a tiddlywinks match to defend his honour. The Duke of Edinburgh appointed The Goons as his Royal champions. The Duke presented a trophy, the Silver Wink, designed and made by Robert Welch[37] for the British Universities Championship.[38]

The English Tiddlywinks Association (ETwA) was founded on 12 June 1958[39][40] with the Reverend Edgar "Eggs" Ambrose Willis[41] as its first Secretary-General.

1960s

A European red wooden mushroom-style tiddlywinks container with smaller nylon wink discs and larger nylon squidger discs (1960s)

During the 1960s as many as 37 universities were playing the game in Great Britain.

In 1962, the Oxford University Tiddlywinks Society (OUTS) toured the United States for several weeks under the sponsorship of Guinness.[42] They were undefeated against teams from various American colleges including Harvard and newspapers.[43] A match against the New York Giants was scheduled but the football players backed out at the last moment.[44] A very prominent article appeared in Life magazine on 14 December 1962 with coverage of the Harvard team.[45] Harvard's Gargoyle Undergraduate Tiddlywinks Society (GUTS) dominated winks in this era.[46] In the next few years, Harvard and other colleges continued to play, though at a low ebb. From 1962 to 1966, tiddlywinks play in the United States was governed by the National Undergraduate Tiddlywinks Association (NUTS).

The North American Tiddlywinks Association (NATwA) was formed on 27 February 1966,[47][48] replacing NUTS, with founders from both American (Harvard University and Harvard Medical School) and Canadian (University of Waterloo and Waterloo Lutheran University) teams.

In the meantime, in the fall of 1965, Severin Drix started a team at Cornell, and challenged his friend Ferd Wulkan of MIT to start a tiddlywinks team. MIT and Cornell played in NATwA's tiddlywinks tournaments starting in February 1967, and became dominant. The Harvard and Waterloo teams disappeared from the scene by 1968. The game took particularly strong root at MIT, and the early development of most American players can still be traced to MIT today.

While the basic elements of the modern strategic game were devised by CUTwC in its early years, the rules have continued to be modified under the auspices of the various national tiddlywinks associations. ETwA coordinated the game throughout the boom period of the 1960s when winks flourished. A decline in interest within the UK in 1969-1970 led to the establishment of the three national competitions which have been contested to date, namely the National Singles, National Pairs, and the Teams of Four. There are also annual Open Competitions, notably in Oxford, Cambridge and London.

1970s

The first serious trans-Atlantic contact was established in 1972, when a team from MIT including Dave Lockwood[49] toured the UK.[50][51][52] The success of the Americans shocked complacent Britons. Competition started at the highest level, the World Singles, in 1973. A challenge system was agreed between ETwA and NATwA. The supreme ruling body in world contests is the International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations (IFTwA). To challenge at the world level, a player must win one of the national titles, or finish as the highest placed home player behind a foreign winner. There have been over 65 World Singles contests to date. The Americans dominated all the early matches, and it was not until the 22nd contest that a Briton won for the first time. Since then the top Britons and Americans have been closely matched. After the establishment of the World Singles, a World Pairs event followed, and there have since been over 40 World Pairs contests. International matches have been played since 1972.

Twenty-first century

During its history, winks has enjoyed variable levels of interest. The game has never taken a strong hold outside the UK and North America. The focus of British tiddlywinks is still at Cambridge, and CUTwC's 50th anniversary celebrations in 2005 were well attended. The Oxford University Tiddlywinks Society has recently[when?] fallen out of existence. Despite this there has recently been some resurgence in the game, with new clubs having been formed recently[when?] in the University of York and in Shrewsbury School.

In America, there has been a tradition of tiddlywinks in Washington D.C., Boston, Eastern Ohio, and Ithaca, New York. There was a renewal of winks in 2007 through the MIT Tiddlywinks Association.[53] National competitions are well attended, with a group of enthusiastic young players joining the stock of veteran players who have proved themselves at the highest level in world competition. In the US, the game had a firm footing in certain high schools, since the children of many of the players who took up the game in the late 1960s and early 1970s played when they were in high school.[54] These players are now looking to revive university tiddlywinks in the United States.

On 1 March 2008, there was a Royal Match in Cambridge to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the original Royal Match played against The Goons in 1958 (see above). CUTwC players took on HRH Prince Philip's Royal Champions, the Savage Club, with members of the original 1958 CUTwC team in attendance. Cambridge repeated their victory from 1958 by winning the match 24-18.[55]

Since 2000, the World Singles championship has been dominated by Larry Kahn and Patrick Barrie, with each player having won seven matches (as of December 2019).[56]

References

  1. ^ Irwin, Stephen (19 January 2021). "Tiddlywinks". Blackburn Museum and Art Gallery. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  2. ^ Milton Bradley (1937). "Tiddledy Winks game cover". Fine Art America. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  3. ^ Struble, Lillie (15 April 1978). "Letters to the Editor". Library Journal: 790. Have we sold our precious heritage in exchange for frivolity and a game of tiddlywinks
  4. ^ Mackay, James A. (1976). Childhood antiques. Taplinger Publishing Company. p. 76. ISBN 9780800814427. There were some board games, however, which provided little or no intellectual stimulus. Chief among these was […] tiddlywinks, whose apparent inanity (to the uninitiated) is often regarded as the ultimate in useless activities.
  5. ^ Wooldridge, Ian (1960s). "(unknown title)". British Airways magazine (Interview). At the risk of propagating royal support for tiddlywinks, a game of the utmost tedium played by anti-athletes too tired or apathetic to get up off the floor, I have to concede that his argument makes sense. (of the UK Olympic Committee)
  6. ^ a b "Tiddleywink: A Game, A Bar, And A Drink". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  7. ^ Courtney, Margaret Ann; Couch, Thomas Quiller (1880). Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall. English Dialect Society. p. 104. Tiddlywink , sometimes Kiddlywink , a small inn only licensed to sell beer and cider
  8. ^ Courtney, Margaret Ann; Couch, Thomas Quiller (1880). "Glossary of Words in Use in Cornwall". Publications. 27. English Dialect Society: 104. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  9. ^ Spitzer, Leo (December 1945). "Anglo-French Etymologies". Modern Language Notes. 60 (8). Johns Hopkins University Press: 503–521. doi:10.2307/2910470. JSTOR 2910470. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  10. ^ English Tiddlywinks Association (April 2016). "The Official Rules of Tiddlywinks" (PDF). Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  11. ^ "Ten Tiddlywinks Strategies" (digitized from original typewritten document from the late 1960s or 1970s). Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  12. ^ Tucker, Rick (2 August 1980). Tucker, Rick (ed.). "Squidger Making with or without a Lathe and Manipulating Winks". Newswink (10): 8–9. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  13. ^ Tucker, Rick (January 2016) [1994]. "Lexicon of Tiddlywinks". 16. Tiddlywinks.org. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  14. ^ Cohen, Philip M. (December 1977). "Winking Words". Verbatim: 4.
  15. ^ Partridge, Eric (1984). Beale, Paul (ed.). A dictionary of slang & unconventional English (8th ed.). London, England: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Appendix devoted to tiddlywinks jargon.
  16. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". OED.com. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 January 2016.Entry for squidger, n.
  17. ^ "Oxford English Dictionary". OED.com. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 26 January 2016.Entries for squop, v. and squop, n.
  18. ^ Census Returns of England and Wales. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK, Public Record Office. 1891. p. Class: RG12; Piece: 1102; Folio: 18; Page: 14. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  19. ^ Joseph Assheton Fincher birth registration, General Register Office, England.
  20. ^ Joseph Assheton Fincher death registration, General Register Office, England.
  21. ^ Fincher, Joseph A. (1888). "Tiddledy-Winks Patent: A New and Improved Game". London, England: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, by Darling & Son, Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2016. UK patent # 16,215 (1888).
  22. ^ "Trade Marks Journal". U.K. Patent Office. 15 May 1889. p. 476. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  23. ^ "1890's Tiddledy Winks by J. Jaques & Son, London". tomsk3000. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  24. ^ UK copyright applications at the National Archives, Kew
  25. ^ "The Popular Game of Tiddledy Winks". Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database. Historic Richmond Town. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
  26. ^ Tucker, Rick (October 1996). "Tiddlywinks - The Classic Victorian Pastime: On Target for the 21st Century". Game Researchers' Notes. American Game Collectors Association. ISSN 1050-6608. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  27. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Tiddlywinks". etwa.org. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  28. ^ "Tiddlywinks at a Glance". North American Tiddlywinks Association. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  29. ^ "This is a placeholder for the Scottish tiddlywinks association (ScotTwA)". The Scottish Tiddlywinks Association. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  30. ^ "Scottish Tiddlywinks Association Publications". North American Tiddlywinks Association. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2022.
  31. ^ "International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations". International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  32. ^ "History of IFTwA". International Federation of Tiddlywinks Associations. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  33. ^ Barrie, Patrick. "Tiddlywinks World Ratings". Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  34. ^ Consterdine, Guy (March 1967). On the Mat - 1955 to 1957 - The Origins of Modern Tiddlywinks. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  35. ^ Barnes, Simon (21 December 1985). "To the death...". Sporting Diary. The Times (62327): 8 column 1.
  36. ^ Strix (18 October 1957). "Does Prince Philip Cheat at Tiddlywinks?". London, England. p. 12 column 1.
  37. ^ Booth, Charlotte [@6harlie] (9 April 2021). "It was engraved with the Royal Coat of Arms on one side and 'The Silver Wink' on the other" (Tweet). Retrieved 6 November 2022 – via Twitter.
  38. ^ Consterdine, Guy (March 1967). On the Mat - 1954-1957 - The Origins of Modern Tiddlywinks. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  39. ^ "Tiddlywinks World Rules Drawn Up; Association Formed". The Times. London, England. 13 June 1958. p. 13 column 4. The congress, which was sponsored by the Cambridge University Tiddlywinks Club, also formed an English Tiddlywinks Association and appointed the Rev. E. A. Willis, a retired Minister, of Richmond, Surrey, who has played tiddlywinks for more than 50 years, as its secretary general.
  40. ^ Consterdine, Guy (October 1972). Winks Rampant - 1957-1958 - The Development of Modern Tiddlywinks. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  41. ^ Tucker, Rick. "Reverend E. A. Willis". North American Tiddlywinks Association. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  42. ^ Moore, Philip. "50 Years Ago". SevernHospice.org.uk. Severn Hospice. Retrieved 27 January 2016. The year of 1962 was a significant one for me. At the end of May I celebrated my 21st birthday just before the end of my second year reading maths at Oxford, then came August and this tiddlywinks tour.
  43. ^ "Winking In". Time. Time Inc. 14 September 1962. pp. 56–57. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  44. ^ Tucker, Rick. "Oxford Tour of the U.S. • 1962". North American Tiddlywinks Association. Retrieved 6 November 2022.
  45. ^ "Hold that Squop!". Life. Time-Life Inc. 14 December 1962. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  46. ^ "Tiddlywinkers Win". The Harvard Crimson. Cambridge, Massachusetts USA. 15 October 1962. p. 3 column 3.
  47. ^ "Twinx trounce Harvard, we laugh" (PDF). The Coryphaeus. 6 (24). Waterloo University students: 3. 18 March 1966.
  48. ^ Drix, Severin (August 1974). "History of the North American Tiddlywinks Association, 1962 to 1969". The Missing Wink. Cambridge, Massachusetts USA: North American Tiddlywinks Association: 4, 5, 6, 10. Retrieved 26 January 2016. (article concluded in February 1975 issue, pages 10, 11).
  49. ^ Bowman, Emma; Simon, Scott (21 April 2019). "Not Just Child's Play: World Tiddlywinks Champions Look To Reclaim Their Glory". NPR. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
  50. ^ Shapiro, Fred (25 April 1972). "MIT's world champions" (PDF). The Tech. Cambridge, Massachusetts USA: 7. ISSN 0148-9607. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  51. ^ "Winkers Take World Title in British Tourney". Tech Talk. MIT News Office: 1, 3. 5 April 1972.
  52. ^ "Bumper MIT Tour Edition". Winking World (21). English Tiddlywinks Association. October 1972.
  53. ^ Brown, Sarah (10 January 2007). "Tiddlywinks team plans return to former glory". Cambridge, Massachusetts USA: MIT News Office. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  54. ^ Aratani, Lori (21 January 2006). "Family's Game Is No Joke Silver Spring Father and Sons Revel in Competitive Tiddlywinks". Washington Post. Washington, D.C. USA. p. B-1. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  55. ^ "Royal Match of Tiddlywinks". Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge. 3 March 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  56. ^ "Major Tiddlywinks Championships". www.etwa.org. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
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