Chrysolina
| Chrysolina | |
|---|---|
| |
| Chrysolina polita | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Superfamily: | Chrysomeloidea |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Subfamily: | Chrysomelinae |
| Tribe: | Chrysomelini |
| Genus: | Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860 |
| Type species | |
| Chrysomela staphylea | |
| Diversity | |
| at least 130 species | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
| |
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Chrysolina is a large genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Chrysomelinae. Most species are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa with a small number of species inhabiting North America (including introduced European ones) and introduced species in Australia.[2]
The species Chrysolina cerealis and C. graminis are protected in the United Kingdom. All species of Chrysolina are phytophagous, feeding on specific food plants, and some of them have been used for biological control of weeds. To control Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort), C. hyperici was successfully naturalized in Australia in the 1930s[3][4] and several species, especially C. quadrigemina, were introduced to California in the late 1940s.[4][5][6][7][8]
Systematic classification of European species
- Order Coleoptera
- Suborder Polyphaga
- Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802
- Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802
- Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
- Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860
- Subgenus Allochrysolina
- Chrysolina fuliginosa (Olivier, 1807)
- Chrysolina lepida (Olivier 1807)
- Subgenus Anopachys
- Chrysolina aurichalcea (Mannerheim, 1825)
- Chrysolina eurina (Frivaldszky, 1883)
- Chrysolina relucens (Rosenhauer, 1847)
- Chrysolina schatzmayri (Muller, 1916)
- Subgenus Arctolina
- Chrysolina septentrionalis (Menetries, 1851)
- Subgenus Bechynia
- Chrysolina milleri (Weise, 1884)
- Chrysolina philotesia Daccordi & Ruffo, 1980
- Chrysolina platypoda (Bechyné, 1950)
- Chrysolina substrangulata Bourdonne, 1986
- Subgenus Bittotaenia
- Chrysolina salviae (Germar, 1824)
- Subgenus Cecchiniola
- Chrysolina platyscelidina (Jacobson, 1898)
- Subgenus Centoptera
- Chrysolina bicolor (Fabricius, 1775)
- Subgenus Chalcoidea
- Chrysolina analis (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Chrysolina carnifex melanaria (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina carnifex (Fabricius, 1792)
- Chrysolina cinctipennis (Harold, 1874)
- Chrysolina curvilinea (Weise, 1884)
- Chrysolina hyrcana (Weise, 1884)
- Chrysolina interstincta (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina marginata (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Chrysolina taygetana Bechyné, 1952
- Subgenus Chrysolina
- Chrysolina bankii (Fabricius, 1775)
- Chrysolina costalis (Olivier, 1807)
- Chrysolina fortunata (Wollaston, 1864)
- Chrysolina obsoleta (Brulle, 1838)
- Chrysolina rufa (Duftschmid, 1825)
- Chrysolina staphylaea (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Chrysolina wollastoni Bechyné, 1957
- Subgenus Chrysomorpha
- Chrysolina cerealis (Linnaeus, 1767)
- Subgenus Colaphodes
- Subgenus Colaphoptera
- Chrysolina globosa (Panzer, 1805)
- Chrysolina pliginskii (Reitter, 1913)
- Chrysolina purpurascens (Germar, 1822)
- Subgenus Colaphosoma
- Chrysolina sturmi (Westhoff, 1882)
- Subgenus Craspeda
- Chrysolina jenisseiensis (Breit, 1920)
- Chrysolina limbata (Fabricius, 1775)
- Subgenus Cyrtochrysolina
- Chrysolina marcasitica (Germar, 1824)
- Subgenus Erythrochrysa
- Subgenus Euchrysolina
- Chrysolina graminis (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Chrysolina virgata (Motschulsky, 1860)
- Subgenus Fastuolina
- Chrysolina fastuosa (Scopoli, 1763)
- Subgenus Heliostola
- Chrysolina carpathica (Fuss, 1856)
- Chrysolina lichenis (Richter, 1820)
- Chrysolina schneideri (Weise, 1882)
- Subgenus Hypericia
- Chrysolina brunsvicensis (Gravenhorst, 1807)
- Chrysolina corcyria (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina cuprina (Duftschmid, 1825)
- Chrysolina didymata (Scriba, 1791)
- Chrysolina geminata (Paykull, 1799)
- Chrysolina hyperici (Forster, 1771)
- Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffrian, 1851)
- Subgenus Maenadochrysa
- Chrysolina affinis (Fabricius, 1787)
- Chrysolina aveyronenesis Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina baetica (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina femoralis (Olivier, 1790)
- Subgenus Melasomoptera
- Chrysolina grossa (Fabricius, 1792)
- Chrysolina lucida (Olivier, 1807)
- Chrysolina lutea (Petagna, 1819)
- Subgenus Mimophaedon
- Chrysolina pourtoyi Bourdonne, 1996
- Subgenus Ovosoma
- Chrysolina atrovirens (Frivaldszky, 1876)
- Chrysolina cretica (Olivier, 1807)
- Chrysolina halysa Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina orientalis (Olivier, 1807)
- Chrysolina rhodia Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina sahlbergi (Menetries, 1832)
- Chrysolina susterai Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina turca (Fairmaire, 1865)
- Chrysolina vernalis (Brulle, 1832)
- Subgenus Ovostoma
- Chrysolina globipennis (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina olivieri (Bedel, 1892)
- Subgenus Palaeosticta
- Chrysolina diluta (Germar, 1824)
- Subgenus Rhyssoloma
- Chrysolina fragariae (Wollaston, 1854)
- Subgenus Sphaerochrysolina
- Chrysolina umbratilis (Weise, 1887)
- Subgenus Sphaeromela
- Chrysolina varians (Schaller, 1783)
- Subgenus Stichoptera
- Chrysolina colasi (Cobos, 1952)
- Chrysolina grancanariensis (Lindberg, 1953)
- Chrysolina gypsophilae (Kuster, 1845)
- Chrysolina latecincta (Demaison, 1896)
- Chrysolina kuesteri (Helliesen, 1912)
- Chrysolina lucidicollis (Kuster, 1845)
- Chrysolina mactata (Fairmaire, 1859)
- Chrysolina rossia (Illiger, 1802)
- Chrysolina sanguinolenta (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Chrysolina stachydis (Gene, 1839)
- Chrysolina variolosa (Petagna, 1819)
- Subgenus Sulcicollis
- Chrysolina chalcites (Germar, 1824)
- Chrysolina oricalcia (Muller O. F., 1776)
- Chrysolina peregrina (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839)
- Chrysolina rufoaenea (Suffrian, 1851)
- Subgenus Synerga
- Chrysolina coerulans (Scriba, 1791)
- Chrysolina herbacea (Duftschmid, 1825)
- Chrysolina suffriani (Fairmaire, 1859)
- Chrysolina viridana (Kuster, 1844)
- Subgenus Taeniochrysea
- Subgenus Taeniosticha
- Chrysolina reitteri (Weise, 1884)
- Subgenus Threnosoma
- Chrysolina cribrosa (Ahrens, 1812)
- Chrysolina fimbrialis (Kuster, 1845)
- Chrysolina helopioides (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina inflata (Weise, 1916)
- Chrysolina joliveti Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina obenbergeri Bechyné, 1950
- Chrysolina obscurella (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina osellai (Daccordi & Ruffo, 1979)
- Chrysolina tagana (Suffrian, 1851)
- Chrysolina timarchoides (Brisout, 1882)
- Chrysolina weisei (Frivaldszky, 1883)
- Subgenus Timarchida
- Chrysolina deubeli (Ganglbauer, 1897)
- Subgenus Allochrysolina
- Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky, 1860
- Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802
- Family Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802
- Superfamily Chrysomeloidea Latreille, 1802
- Suborder Polyphaga
See also
References
- ^ IRMNG (2018). Chrysolina Motschoulsky in Schrenck, 1860. Accessed at: http://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1419344 on 2019-01-18
- ^ BIEÑKOWSKI, ANDRZEJ O (2001). "A study on the genus Chrysolina MOTSCHULSKY, 1860, with a checklist of all the described subgenera, species, subspecies, and synonyms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)" (PDF). Genus - International Journal of Invertebrate Taxonomy. 12: 105–235. Retrieved 2017-01-24.
- ^ W. T. Parsons, E. G. Cuthbertson. Noxious Weeds of Australia. 2nd ed. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing, 2001. ISBN 0-643-06514-8. P. 389.
- ^ a b Wilfred William Robbins, Alden Springer Crafts. Weed Control: A Textbook and Manual. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1962. P. 137, 155, 162.
- ^ Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett (1959). A ten-year study of vegetation change associated with biological control of Klamath weed. Journal of Range Management 12: 69-82.
- ^ Peter Jay Morin. Community Ecology. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999. ISBN 0-86542-350-4. P. 106-107.
- ^ Gilbert Waldbauer. What Good are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01027-2. P. 158.
- ^ Richard E. White. A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1983. ISBN 0-395-91089-7. P. 296.
External links
Media related to Chrysolina at Wikimedia Commons
