Sphincterochila zonata zonata

Sphincterochila zonata zonata
	Drawing of the shell of Sphincterochila boissieri.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
(unranked):	clade Heterobranchia; clade Euthyneura; clade Panpulmonata; clade Eupulmonata; clade Stylommatophora; informal group Sigmurethra
Superfamily:	Helicoidea
Family:	Sphincterochilidae
Subfamily:	Sphincterochilinae
Genus:	Sphincterochila
Subgenus:	Sphincterochila
Species:	S. boissieri
Binomial name
	Sphincterochila boissieri; (Charpentier, 1847)
Synonyms
	Helix Boissieri Charpentier, 1847; Sphincterochila zonata (Bourguignat, 1853)

Sphincterochila boissieri is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Sphincterochilidae. This species lives in deserts in Israel and Egypt.

Sphincterochila boissieri is the type species of the genus Sphincterochila. The type species was subsequently designated by Henry Augustus Pilsbry in 1895.^[4] It is named after botanist Pierre Edmond Boissier.

The wiggles Sphincterochila boissieri lives in the Negev desert^[5] (Israel), and the Sinai desert in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt).^[6]

Shell description

Shell is cretaceous, white; consists of five convex whorls and a deflected ultimate whorl. The aperture is thickened, projecting internally in two subconcrescent denticles (described by Tryon as "tubercles").

The average diameter of the shell is 25 mm.^[7]

Anatomy and physiology

The average body mass of Sphincterochila boissieri is around 4.3 g.^[5] Such mass is approximately divided in an even manner between the shell itself and the animal's soft parts. Schmidt-Nielsen et al., in 1971,^[8] found that 56% of the animals body mass was contained in its shell. About 80 to 90% of the mass of the soft body parts is composed of water (according to the Yom-Tov 1970).^[5] In average, soft body parts contain 81% of water (nearly 1400 mg of water), 11% of proteins, 4% of ash, and little other organic matter.^[8] Sphincterochila boissieri has no energy reserves and the amount of lipids it contains is a fraction of 1%, which is considered to be extremely low.^[8]

Ecology

Habitat

Sphincterochila boissieri lives in desert environments. This snail is common in areas with loess-limestone soils, and uncommon in areas that have a flint substrate.^[8]

Yom-Tov measured the maximum demographic density for Sphincterochila boissieri, encountering a value of 0.2-0.3 specimens/m² in the area of the Negev desert he investigated in 1970.^[5] The snail Xerocrassa seetzeni was found to be more abundant there. On the other hand, in the Northern Negev area investigated by Steinberger et al. In 1981^[9] Sphincterochila boissieri was the most abundant snail.^[6]

Sphincterochila boissieri along with other snail species and algae are the most significant faunal and floral components of the Negev and Sinai deserts ecosystems.^[6]

Adaptations for arid conditions

This species presents adaptations to arid conditions which significantly improve its desiccation tolerance. Some of those adaptations include a thick shell and a relatively reduced aperture^[10] (see also Machin 1967), a thick epiphragm, and slow body surface heat conduction. About 90% of its shell surface reflects the visible portion of the solar spectrum, and much over 90% of the solar spectrum itself.^[8] Sphincterochila boissieri also produces a new epiphragm after every period of activity^[11] (see also Yom-Tov 1971).

These snails dig themselves into the soil to depths from 1 to 5 cm while they aestivate during summer in the Negev Desert.^[5] In the vicinity of the Dead Sea, they usually either burrow to depths of up to 10 cm, or aestivate hidden under stones.^[8]

All dormant snails of this species can resist ambient temperatures up to 50 °C, but temperatures of 55 °C and above are usually lethal.^[8] The soft parts of the animal's body shelter inside the second and the third whorl of its shell, where the temperature can reach up to 50.3 °C. Temperatures of up to 56.2 °C were measured and are known to occur inside the shell's body whorl, which is mostly filled with air during aestivation.^[8]

Dormant snails experience water loss of 0.5 mg per day per snail in summer, with a very low oxygen consumption rate.^[8] For these reasons, dormant Sphincterochila boissieri can survive severe droughts for several years.^[8]^[12]

Life cycle

Sphincterochila boissieri is active for a few days only after rainfall^[6] during the winter season, from November to March. At this time of the year they feed, mate,^[8] and lay eggs.^[6] Thus these snails are active for only 5-7% of the year (nearly 18 to 26 days), and aestivate during all the rest of the time.^[6]

Dormant snails are known to have survived in museum collections for up to 6 years.^[8] Schmidt-Nielsen et al. in 1971^[8] estimated their life span according to their oxygen consumption as being nearly 8 years.

Feeding habits

Sphincterochila boissieri feeds on soil, especially loess mud after rains,^[8] lichens, soil algae^[5] and surface of limestone directly.^[8] It does not eat higher plants.^[8]

Predators

The known predators of Sphincterochila boissieri are rodents, namely the Cairo Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus), Wagner's Gerbil (Dipodillus dasyurus) and the Asian Garden Dormouse (Eliomys melanurus).^[5]

References

This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.^[7]

^ Charpentier, Joh. von (1847). "Uebersicht der durch Herrn Edm. Boissier von einer Reise nach Palästina mit zurückgebrachten Conchylien-Arten". Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie (in German). 4. Cassel: 129–144.
^ Steinberger Y. (1991). "Biology of Arid region Soils – Faunal Components". In J. Skujins (ed.). Semiarid Lands and Deserts: Soil Resource and Reclamation. Books in soils, plants and the environment. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. p. 187. ISBN 0-8247-8388-3. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
^ Shachak M.; Orr Y.; Steinberger Y. (1975). "Field observations on the natural history of Sphincterochila (S.) zonata (Bourguignat, 1853) (= S. boissieri Charpentier, 1847)". Argamon: Israel Journal of Malacology. Israel Malacology Society and Municipal Malacology Museum: Nahariya. 5 (1–4): 20–46. ISSN 0334-326X.
^ Pilsbry H. A. (1895). Manual of Conchology (2)9(33a, 36): 234.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Yom-Tov, Yoram (1970). "The Effect of Predation on Population Densities of Some Desert Snails". Ecology. 51 (5). Ecology, Vol. 51, No. 5: 907–911. doi:10.2307/1933987. JSTOR 1933987.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Shachak M.; Chapman E.A.; Orr Y. (1976). "Some aspects of the ecology of the desert snail Sphincterochila boissieri in relation to water and energy flow". Israel Journal of Medical Sciences. 12 (8): 887–891. PMID 977309.
^ ^a ^b George Washington Tryon, Jr. 1887. Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae - Volume I. page 14–15.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Schmidt-Nielsen K., Taylor C. R. & Shkolnik A. (1971). "Desert Snails: Problems of Heat, Water and Food" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 55 (2): 385–398. PMID 5114030.
^ Steinberger, Yosef; Grossman, Shlomo; Dubinsky, Zvy (1981). "Some aspects of the ecology of the desert snail Sphincterochila prophetarum in relation to energy and water flow". Oecologia. 50 (1): 103–108. Bibcode:1981Oecol..50..103S. doi:10.1007/BF00378801. PMID 28310069.
^ Luchtel D. L. & Deyrup-Olsen: Body Wall Form and Function. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 159.
^ Cook A.: Behavioural Ecology: On Doing the Right Thing, in the Right Place at the Right Time. in Barker G. M. (ed.): The biology of terrestrial molluscs. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, ISBN 0-85199-318-4. 1-146, cited pages: 455.
^ Newell, P.F.; MacHin, J. (1976). "Water regulation in aestivating snails". Cell and Tissue Research. 173 (3): 417–421. doi:10.1007/BF00220329. PMID 991251.