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Bani Sakher

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Sheikh Haditha Al-Khraisha of the Bani Sakhr Tribe

Beni Sakhr is the name of a large Bedouin tribe living in Jordan. The Bani Sakhr migrated to central Jordan from the Hijaz in the late eighteenth century.[1] According to the 1986 Jordanian Electoral Law, the Bani Sakhr tribe is made up of fourteen clans: Al-Fayez; AL-Jahawsheh;Al-Khirshan; Al-Jbour; Al-Salim; Al-Badareen; Al-Gudah; Al-Hammad; Al-Shra'ah and Al-Zaben (traditionally known collectively as the Ka'abnah half of the Bani Sakhr); Al-Ghbein; Al-Amir; Al-Ka'abna; Al-Hgeish; Al-Saleet, and Al-Taybeen (traditionally known collectively as the Twaga half of the Bani Sakhr).[2]

Sheikh Mithqal Pasha Al-Fayez, Jerusalem, 1933

Origin

The Bani Sakhr was tribe title that was given to more than one tribe, but the greatest and most famous of its tribes that were are the sons of Sakhr Al-Ta’yun from Bani Tayy, who refer to their lineage to an offense of the famous Qahtaniya tribe; specifically the Kahlani sub-group. The Tayy's lived in what is now the Ha'il Region, where Sakhr Al-Ta'yun and the now Bani Sakhr mainly lived on top of the "Mountain of Lions".[citation needed]

Then the Bani Sakhr migrated to occupy the lands Tayma to Al-Ula; where they were adjacent to the Bani Harb which led to the mixing of the two tribes. including some genealogists to fall into error and consider the tribe of Bani Sakhr a part of Bani Harb. The Bani Sakhr were also adjacent to Bani Anazzah, whom inhabited the Khayber, and between the two tribes there were several conflicts, including the orientalist Frederick Gerard Peake in his book "A History of Jordan and its Tribes, x, 1958" that the tribe of Bani Sakhr clashed with tribes of Anazzah on the way to migrate to the Levant. The battle ended with the Anazzah's defeat, forcing some of their sub-groups to migrate to the northern more, and this explains the hostility between the two tribes.[citation needed]

In Frederick's book, he also documented the clash between Bani Sakhr and the Al-Dhafeer tribes and that they defeated Al-Dhafeer. However, Al-Dhafeer regrouped again under the leadership of their knight Sultan Ibn Suwit, and followed Bani Sakhr, whom where heading heading north of the Arabian Peninsula. The two tribes met again in Wadi Azraq, now known as Azraq, on the Saudi-Jordanian border. Banu Sakhr was able once again to defeat the tribes of Al-Dhafeer, killing Sheikh Sultan Ibn Suwit where he lies in his tomb in that region next to a water ravine the was named after him (Ghadeer Sultan).[citation needed]

Bani Sakhr then headed towards Al-Balqa however their stay did not last long because the tribes didn't welcome them, most notably the Al-Adwan (العدوان) whom where extending their influence over the region. Bani Sakhr went to Palestine and stayed for a period of time until it soon returned to Al-Balqa. At this time, the area was under the sovereignty of the Sardiyya tribe, which was imposing a tax on the tribes that inhabited the areas in and around Al-Balqa, however when the Bani Sakhr returned, they refused to get taxed, which led to a heated situation between them.[citation needed]

This conflict lead to the first alliance between Bani Sakhr and Al-Adwan where they joined forces with the intent to annihilate the Sardiyya tribe.[citation needed]

Background

In the 1799 the Beni Sakhr joined the Es-Sabhah and other tribes in a full-scale battle against a force from Napoleon's army under the command of General Kleber. The fighting occurred south of Nazareth, with the French having such an advantage in terms of guns and artillery that Amir Rabah, the leader of the Beni Saqr, commenting on the effectiveness of his spear, said that he "could not swim in hell with a stick."[3]

In the 19th century, the Beni Sakhr lived as nomads. Their income came from trading camels and from the protection they could give, or refuse to give, to more settled peoples. In 1867, the Ottoman Empire launched a raid which defeated the Beni Sakhr and ended their practice of collecting khuwwa (protection money) from established settlements.

For fifty years up to 1920 the Bani Sakhr were friends and allies of the Al Rashid dynasty. The relationship ended with Ibn Saud's conquest of the Nejd. It had its roots in the early nineteenth century when Abdullah Ibn Rashid was fleeing the Ibn Ali family after a conflict over leadership of the Shammar tribe. Ibn Rashid and his brother with a single camel arrived at the tents belonging to Ali Al-Khraisha, leader of the Beni Sakhr and father of Haditha Al-Khraisha. Sheikh Ali Al-Khraisha was not there but all the same they were given hospitality. During the night the camel died and the next day they continued their flight on foot. Some distance from the camp they met Sheikh Ali Al-Khraisha returning home. On hearing their story he insisted on them taking the camel he was riding, claiming that no guest who came into his camp riding should leave on foot. When Ibn Rashid came to power in the Nejd this deed was remembered.[4]

In 1875 a member of the Palestine Exploration Fund's survey team reported finding the Beni Sakhr in the Ghor, a considerable extent of which was under cultivation. They had several herds containing 100 to 300 head of cattle and many sheep and goats as well as camels and horses. He mentions that they had fewer camels than previously since their power had been broken 7 or 8 years earlier by Mohammed Said, Pasha of Nablus, but that the current government was impotent. He counted 150 tents and estimated the tribe strength as 400 men.[5]

Two years later, 1877, the survey team led by Lieutenant Kitchener, found the Bani Sakhr camped on the road to Jenin, and later between Beisan and Tiberias. Kitchener reported that their Sheikh, Fendy Alfayez, was the most powerful local leader and could muster 4,500 fighting men. The sheikh showed Kitchener a coat of mail that probably dated to the early centuries of the Arab conquests and appeared to be on good terms with the government. The tribe showed no sign of lawlessness, though local farmers had to harvest their crops early to avoid them being eaten by the grazing camels. The Beni Sakhr showed no interest in the ongoing war in the Balkans and expressed a strong dislike of the Turks.[6]

In November 1877 Kitchener visited the Beni Sakhr again. This time they were camped in Wadi Farrah having left the area around Zerin in the Jezreel Valley following the murder near Nazareth of a British man, Mr Gale, about which they had come under suspicion. Sheikh Fendy was absent at Bosra selling camel to pilgrims on the Haj. The Beni Sakhr were close to having a monopoly in this trade and could make £1,500 in a season. Whilst in Bosra the sheikh was arrested. His son was killed in a rescue attempt. The father was released and is reported as having said "My son and I were servants of the Sultan, now he has one less". This was taken to mean that the tribe would not engage in a blood feud.[7]

In 1891 missionaries reported fighting north of Kerak between the Beni Sakhr and the Hameidah. And again in 1893 the route between Kerak and Madaba was closed due to fighting between the Beni Sakhr and the Anazi.[8]

In June 1917 Fawaz el Fayez, one of the leaders of the Bani Sakhr, had a secret meeting with T.E. Lawrence. El Fayez was a member of an anti-Turkish committee in Damascus and Lawrence was seeking support for his military campaign. Immediately after the meeting Lawrence fled fearing betrayal. El Fayez was killed shortly afterwards. By June 1918 the Bani Sakhr were united in their opposition to the Turks and were offering to provide the Husseini forces with at least eleven thousand men costing £30,000(£1,715,944.76 adjusted to inflation as of April,2020) a month. In addition they would donate the harvest of Kerak and Madeba.[9]

In 1923 Ibn Saud's Ikhwan Ikhwan initiated their first attack on the Emirate of Transjordan by massacring two villages 12 miles south of Amman belonging to the tribe of Bani Sakhr. In a two-day battle, the tribesmen of Bani Sakhr assisted by the Hadid tribe managed to defeat the raiders.[10] The raiders were intercepted by British armored cars and planes only after they had begun to withdraw.[11] [12]

On 8 April 1933 Sheikh Mithqal Pasha al-Fayez, Chief of the Fayez clan of Beni Sakhr, was a member of a delegation which met the President of the Zionist Organisation, Chaim Weizmann, and the head of the Zionist political department in Palestine, Chaim Arlosoroff, at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem.[13]

A series of events in the 1920s and 1930s put further pressure on their nomadic lifestyle, eventually leading to famine. The Bani Sakhr were saved from this by the British government ruling Jordan at the time. In exchange, the British required the Bani Sakhr to give up their nomadic lifestyle and turned more towards a semi-nomadic life. In the decades since then, pressures on the Bani Sakhr to give up part of their land have led to occasional tension between them and the Jordanian government. However, this tribe has always been counted as stalwart allies of the Hashemite ruling family since the days of King Abdullah I.[14]

References

  1. ^ Falconry in Arabia, Mark Allen; 1980, p.33.
  2. ^ Muhammad, Ghazi bin (1999). The Tribes of Jordan at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century (first ed.). p. 10. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ Macalister and Masterman, 1906, p. 114.
  4. ^ Glubb, 1978, pp. 157-8.
  5. ^ Tyrwhitt Drake, 1875, pp. 28, 32
  6. ^ Kitchener, 1877, p. 164; Kitchener, 1878, p. 11; Reports dated 23 August and 7 September 1877.
  7. ^ Kitchener, 1878, p. 63
  8. ^ Forder, 1902, pp. 16, 27
  9. ^ Wilson, Jeremy (1989) Lawrence of Arabia: the authorised biography of T.E.Lawrence. Heinemann. ISBN 0-434-87235-0. Pages 415, 515. The figure of 11,000 comes from a report by Lawrence.
  10. ^ Joab B. Eilon, Yoav Alon (2007-04-15). The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State. I.B.Tauris. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
  11. ^ Peter W. Wilson, Douglas Graham. Saudi Arabia: the coming storm . M.E.Sharpe, 1994: p.143
  12. ^ Glubb, 1978, p. 156
  13. ^ Cohen, Aharon (1970) Israel and the Arab World. W.H. Allen. ISBN 0-491-00003-0. Pages 252-255.
  14. ^ http://landandpeople.blogspot.com/2007/09/baduw.html

Bibliography


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