Ostróda
Ostróda | |
|---|---|
 Evangelical church | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Ostróda  Ostróda | |
| Coordinates: 53°42′N 19°58′E / 53.700°N 19.967°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Ostróda County |
| Gmina | Ostróda (urban gmina) |
| Established | 13th century |
| Town rights | 1329 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Zbigniew Michalak |
| Area | |
| • Total | 14.15 km2 (5.46 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 120 m (390 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 110 m (360 ft) |
| Population (2009) | |
| • Total | 33,191 |
| • Density | 2,300/km2 (6,100/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 14-100 |
| Area code | +48 89 |
| Car plates | NOS |
| Climate | Dfb |
| Website | http://www.ostroda.pl |
Ostróda [ɔsˈtruda] (Template:Audio-de; Old Prussian: Austrāti) is a town in northern Poland, in Masuria, seat of the Ostróda County in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with 33,191 inhabitants as of December 31, 2009.
Ostróda is the largest town in the western part of Masuria, and the second largest in all of Masuria (after Ełk).
Geography
The town lies in the west of the historic Masuria region on the Drwęca river, a right tributary of the Vistula. Lake Drwęca west of the town is part of the Masurian Lake District. Ostróda has become a growing tourist site owing to its relaxing natural surroundings.
The National road 7 from Gdańsk to Warsaw, part of European route E77, passes through Ostróda. The Elbląg Canal connects Ostróda with the Baltic coast.
History
Middle Ages
At the site of an original settlement of Old Prussians on an island at the river delta where the Drwęca river flows into Lake Drwęca the town of Ostróda evolved. In 1270 the Teutonic Order began constructing wooden earthworks to control the original settlement as well as defend the initial Polish and German settlers. The knights named the new town Osterode after Osterode am Harz in Lower Saxony, Germany (now a sister city with Ostróda). Between 1349-1370 the Order replaced the wood-and-earth fort with a stone castle. The town, whose charter traditionally dates to 1335, quickly became a regional administrative center for the Order.
After the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, Klaus von Döhringen conquered Osterode's castle and delivered the town to the victorious Władysław II of Poland. The Polish king brought the body of Ulrich von Jungingen there before travelling to besiege Marienburg (Malbork); the regrouping Teutonic Knights recaptured Osterode a few months later.
During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466), Osterode was repeatedly captured by both the Poles and Prussian Confederation on one side and the Teutonic Knights on the other. After the peace treaty signed in Toruń in 1466 it remained part of the Teutonic order's state, now a Polish fief.
Modern era
From 1525 until 1701 Osterode was part of Ducal Prussia, a fief of Poland until 1657, and after 1701 part of Kingdom of Prussia. In the 17th century and until the 19th century Osterode and its surroundings were inhabited mostly by Poles.[1] The majority of inhabitants were Protestant and the Evangelical church books date back to 17th century. In 1628, the city was briefly occupied by the Swedes. From 1633, with the approval of the Polish King Władysław IV Vasa, Osterode and the county was under the administration of Duke John Christian of Brieg, one of the last dukes of the Piast dynasty (until his death in 1639).
After the Battle of Eylau in February 1807 French troops gathered in Osterode, from February to April 1807 Napoleon I used the castle as his headquarter.[2] In June 1807 Polish troops of General Józef Zajączek were stationed in the town.[citation needed] In 1818 it became the seat of a Kreis (district) within the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1871 Osterode was included in the newly formed German Empire.
In the 19th century the town was part of territory dominated by the Polish language, and the Osterode district was inhabited mostly by Poles (71% in 1825, 65% in 1867). The town was a significant Polish centre,[3] whose most famous representative was pastor Gustaw Gizewiusz.[3] Polish newspapers were edited and published in the town, including Mazur from 1885.[1] In 1868 Karol Salewski established Polish bookshop and founded a Polish printing house. Osterode was the largest town of Masuria in the early 20th century (according to data from 1905 and 1925), after surpassing Lyck (Ełk) (according to data from 1880 and 1890).[citation needed]
During World War I and the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg, General Paul von Hindenburg had his 8th Army headquarters at the Osterode schoolhouse. In the East Prussian plebiscite of 1920 8,663 inhabitants voted to remain in Weimar German East Prussia, 17 votes supported Poland.[2]
Most of the Osterode citizens had fled during the evacuation of East Prussia, when on 21 January 1945 Osterode was captured by the Soviet Red Army without fighting. However, about 70% of the town was destroyed by arson attacks afterwards. With the conquest by the Soviet Union and the Potsdam Agreement, the town became part of Poland and most of the remaining German population was expelled. In 1950 26 percent of the population originated from the eastern areas of pre-war Poland, 18 percent were pre-war inhabitants.[2]
While it was previously in Olsztyn Voivodeship from 1975 to 1998, Ostróda has been situated in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship since 1999.
Jewish community
The first certifiable Jewish families lived in Osterode in 1732, a Jewish cemetery was established in 1735. In 1845 the Jewish community counted about 110 members, in 1860, there were 160 and in 1880 222 Jews living in Osterode. The number declined to 123 in 1933 and 75 in 1937. A small synagogue was built in 1856 and a new, larger one based on the Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) style in 1893. In 1932 a Jewish shop was attacked with explosives, boycotts of Jewish shops took place in 1935. The synagogue and the Jewish cemetery were destroyed in the Kristallnacht riots of November 1938. In 1939, the Jewish community was officially dissolved. The remaining pre-war Jewish population died in the Holocaust.[2][4]
Number of inhabitants by year
| Year | Number[2] |
|---|---|
| 1756 | 1,058 |
| 1775 | 1,319 |
| 1778 | 1,539 |
| 1811 | 1,152 |
| 1818 | 2,098 |
| 1841 | 2,523 |
| 1900 | 13,136 (242 Jews) |
| 1939 | 19,519 |
| 2014 | 33,872 |
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Ostróda is twinned with:
Notable residents
- Christian Jakob Kraus (1753–1807), Philosopher, Economist, Linguist
- Gustaw Gizewiusz (1810–1848), Polish political figure, folklorist, translator
- Paul Dahlke (1865-1928), Physician and Buddhist
- Hans Manteuffel (1879-1963), architect
- Bruno Karczewski (1913–1971), Wehrmacht officer
- Hans Hellmut Kirst (1914–1989), Author
- Alexander Allerson (born 1930), German actor
- Rita Baltutt Kyle (born 1937), Author
- Werner Olk (born 1938), footballer and coach
- Maciej Krzykowski, (born 1991) also known as Av3k is a professional Quake player
See also
References
- ^ a b Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VII, Warsaw, 1886, p. 680-681 (in Polish)
- ^ a b c d e Stüben, Jens. "Online-Lexikon zur Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa" (in German). Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg.
- ^ a b "Ostróda - Historia miejscowości, Wirtualny Sztetl" (in Polish). Retrieved June 19, 2019.
- ^ "sztetl.org – Ostróda". Museum of the History of Polish Jews.
External links
- Kirchenbuch Evangelical church book documents (Taufen, Heiraten, Tote) of inhabitants of Osterode since the 1600s.
- Municipal webpage
- Ostróda Online (in Polish)
- City history (in German)
53°42′N 19°59′E / 53.700°N 19.983°E
Seat: Ostróda (urban gmina) | ||
| Urban-rural gminas |  | |
| Rural gminas | ||
