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Big Joe Turner

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Big Joe Turner
Turner performing, 1973
Turner performing, 1973
Background information
Birth nameJoseph Vernon Turner Jr.
Born(1911-05-18)May 18, 1911
Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
DiedNovember 24, 1985(1985-11-24) (aged 74)
Inglewood, California, U.S.
GenresJump blues, blues, R&B
OccupationMusician
InstrumentVocals
Years active1920s–1980s
LabelsAtlantic, London, National, Vocalion, Decca, Pablo, Rhino

Joseph Vernon "Big Joe" Turner Jr. (May 18, 1911 – November 24, 1985) was an American blues shouter from Kansas City, Missouri. According to songwriter Doc Pomus, "Rock and roll would have never happened without him." His greatest fame was due to his rock-and-roll recordings in the 1950s, particularly "Shake, Rattle and Roll", but his career as a performer endured from the 1920s into the 1980s.[1]

Turner was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, with the Hall lauding him as "the brawny voiced 'Boss of the Blues'".[1]

Career

Early days

Turner was born May 18, 1911 in Kansas City, Missouri, United States.[2] His father was killed in a train accident when Turner was four years old. He sang in his church, and on street corners for money. He left school at age fourteen to work in Kansas City's nightclubs, first as a cook and later as a singing bartender. He became known as "The Singing Barman", and worked in such venues as the Kingfish Club and the Sunset, where he and his partner, the boogie-woogie pianist Pete Johnson, became resident performers.[1] The Sunset was managed by Piney Brown. It featured "separate but equal" facilities for white patrons. Turner wrote "Piney Brown Blues" in his honor and sang it throughout his career.[3]

At that time Kansas City nightclubs were subject to frequent raids by the police; Turner said, "The Boss man would have his bondsmen down at the police station before we got there. We'd walk in, sign our names and walk right out. Then we would cabaret until morning."[4]

His partnership with Johnson proved fruitful.[1] Together they went to New York City in 1936,[2] where they appeared on a playbill with Benny Goodman, but as Turner recounted, "After our show with Goodman, we auditioned at several places, but New York wasn't ready for us yet, so we headed back to K.C."[5] Eventually they were seen by the talent scout John Hammond in 1938,[2] who invited them back to New York to appear in one of his From Spirituals to Swing concerts at Carnegie Hall, which were instrumental in introducing jazz and blues to a wider American audience.[1]

In part because of their appearance at Carnegie Hall, Turner and Johnson had a major success with the song "Roll 'Em Pete".[1] The track was basically a collection of traditional blues lyrics. It was a song that Turner recorded many times, with various musicians, over the ensuing years.

1939 to 1950

In 1939, along with the boogie-woogie pianists Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis, they began a residency at Café Society, a nightclub in New York City, where they appeared on the same playbill as Billie Holiday and Frankie Newton's band.[1] Besides "Roll 'Em, Pete", Turner's best-known recordings from this period are probably "Cherry Red", "I Want a Little Girl" and "Wee Baby Blues". "Cherry Red" was recorded in 1939 for the Vocalion label, with Hot Lips Page on trumpet and a full band in attendance.[6] During the next year Turner contracted with Decca and recorded "Piney Brown Blues" with Johnson on piano.[6]

In 1941, he went to Los Angeles and performed in Duke Ellington's revue Jump for Joy in Hollywood.[3] He appeared as a singing policeman in a comedy sketch, "He's on the Beat". Los Angeles was his home for a time, and during 1944 he worked in Meade Lux Lewis's Soundies musical movies. He sang on the soundtrack recordings but was not present for filming, and his vocals were mouthed by the comedian Dudley Dickerson for the camera. In 1945 Turner and Pete Johnson established the Blue Moon Club, a bar in Los Angeles.

In 1945, he also signed a recording contract with National Records, for which he recorded under the supervision of Herb Abramson.[7] His first hit single was a cover of Saunders King's "S.K. Blues" (1945).[8] He recorded the songs "My Gal's a Jockey" and the risqué "Around the Clock" the same year, and Aladdin Records released "Battle of the Blues", a duet with Wynonie Harris.[2] Turner stayed with National until 1947, but none of his recordings were big sellers.[6] In 1950, he recorded the song "Still in the Dark", released by Freedom Records.[8] Joe Turner also played at the Cavalcades of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. on September 23, 1945 to a crowd of 15,000. Count Basie, the Honeydrippers, The Peters Sisters, Slim and Bam and Valaida Snow were also featured artists.[9] Turner also performed in 1948 alongside Dizzy Gillespie at the fourth famed annual Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which on September 12.[10] Also on the program that day were Frankie Laine, The Sweethearts of Rhythm, The Honeydrippers, Little Miss Cornshucks, Jimmy Witherspoon, The Blenders, and The Sensations.[11]

Turner made many albums with Johnson, Art Tatum, Sammy Price, and other jazz groups.[12] He recorded for several record companies. He also performed with the Count Basie Orchestra.[1] During his career, Turner was part of the transition from big bands to jump blues to rhythm and blues to rock and roll.[2] He was a master of traditional blues verses, and at Kansas City jam sessions he could swap choruses with instrumental soloists for hours.[13]

Success during the 1950s

Turner performing in the 1955 film Rock 'n' Roll Revue

In 1951, while performing with the Count Basie Orchestra at Harlem's Apollo Theater as a replacement for Jimmy Rushing, he was spotted by Ahmet and Nesuhi Ertegun, who contracted him to their new recording company, Atlantic Records.[1] Turner recorded a number of successes for them, including the blues standards, "Chains of Love"[14] and "Sweet Sixteen".[6] Many of his vocals are punctuated with shouts to the band members, as in "Boogie Woogie Country Girl" ("That's a good rockin' band!", "Go ahead, man! Ow! That's just what I need!" ) and "Honey Hush" (he repeatedly sings, "Hi-yo, Silver!", probably with reference to the phrase sung by the Treniers in their Lone Ranger parody, "Ride, Red, Ride"). Turner's records reached the top of the rhythm-and-blues charts. Some of his songs were so risqué that some radio stations refused to play them, but they received much play on jukeboxes and records.

Turner had great success during 1954 with "Shake, Rattle and Roll", which significantly boosted his career, turning him into a teenage favorite, and also helped to transform popular music.[1] During the song, Turner yells at his woman to "get outta that bed, wash yo' face an' hands" and comments that she's "wearin' those dresses, the sun comes shinin' through! I can't believe my eyes, all that mess belongs to you."[15] He sang it on film for the 1955 theatrical feature Rhythm and Blues Revue.

Although the cover version of the song by Bill Haley & His Comets, with the risqué lyrics partially omitted, was a greater sales success, many listeners sought out Turner's version and were introduced thereby to rhythm and blues. Elvis Presley's version of "Shake, Rattle and Roll" combined Turner's lyrics with Haley's arrangement, but was not a successful single.

"The Chicken and the Hawk", "Flip, Flop and Fly",[14] "Hide and Seek", "Morning, Noon and Night", and "Well All Right" were successful recordings from this period.[6] He performed on the television program Showtime at the Apollo and in the movie Shake Rattle & Rock! (1956).[6]

The song "Corrine, Corrina" was another great seller during 1956.[6] In addition to the rock music songs, he released Boss of the Blues album in 1956.[12] "(I'm Gonna) Jump for Joy", his last hit, reached the US R&B record chart on May 26, 1958.[1]

He toured Australia in 1957 with Lee Gordon's Big Show sharing the bill with Bill Haley and the Comets, LaVern Baker and Freddie Bell and the Bellboys.

Returning to the blues

After a number of successes in this vein, Turner quit popular music and resumed singing with small jazz combos, recording numerous albums in that style during the 1960s and 1970s.[1] in 1966, Bill Haley helped revive Turner's career by lending him the Comets for a series of popular recordings for the Orfeón label in Mexico.[6] In 1977 he recorded a cover version of Guitar Slim's song, "The Things That I Used to Do".

During the 1960s and 1970s he resumed performing jazz and blues music, performing at many music festivals and recording for Norman Granz's Pablo Records.[6][12] He also worked with Axel Zwingenberger.[12] Turner also participated in a "Battle of the Blues" with Wynonie Harris and T-Bone Walker.[16]

In 1965, he toured in England with the trumpeter Buck Clayton and the trombonist Vic Dickenson, accompanied by Humphrey Lyttelton and his band.[17] Part of a studio concert was televised by the BBC and later issued on DVD. A sound recording of a club appearance made during this tour is not thought of sufficient sound quality to justify commercial issue. He also toured Europe with Count Basie and his orchestra.

He won the Esquire magazine award for male vocalist in 1945, the Melody Maker award for best "new" vocalist of 1956, and the British Jazz Journal award as top male singer of 1965. In 1977, Turner recorded "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" for Spivey Records, with Lloyd Glenn on piano. Turner's career endured from the barrooms of Kansas City in the 1920s (when at the age of twelve he performed with a pencilled moustache and his father's hat)[18] to European jazz festivals of the 1980s.

In 1983, two years before his death, Turner was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame.[19] That same year, the album Blues Train was released by Mute Records; the album featured Turner with the band Roomful of Blues.[1] Turner received top billing with Count Basie in the Kansas City jazz reunion movie The Last of the Blue Devils (1979), featuring Jay McShann, Jimmy Forrest, and other players from the city.

Death

Turner died of heart failure in November 1985, at the age of 74, in Inglewood, California, having suffered from effects of arthritis, a stroke and diabetes. He was buried at Roosevelt Memorial Park in Gardena, California.

He was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.[1]

Tributes

The New York Times music critic Robert Palmer wrote of "his voice, pushing like a Count Basie solo, rich and grainy as a section of saxophones, which dominated the room with the sheer sumptuousness of its sound." In announcing Turner's death, the British music magazine NME, in its December 1985 issue, described him as "the grandfather of rock and roll."[20]

Dave Alvin wrote a song about an evening he spent with Turner, entitled "Boss of the Blues", for his 2009 album, Dave Alvin and the Guilty Women. Alvin discussed the song in issue 59 of the Blasters Newsletter.[21]

Dave Alvin later collaborated with his brother and former Blaster Phil Alvin on a second reunion album, Lost Time, released in 2015, containing four covers of songs by Turner, including "Cherry Red", "Wee Baby Blues" and "Hide and Seek". The brothers met Turner in Los Angeles, where he was playing in clubs on Central Avenue and living in the Adams district between tours in the 1960s. Phil Alvin opened for Turner a few times with his first band, Delta Pacific. Turner continued mentoring the Alvin brothers until his death in 1985. He is pictured on the back cover of Lost Time.[22][23][24]

The biographical film The Buddy Holly Story refers to Turner and his contemporaries Little Richard and Fats Domino as major influences on Holly, who is portrayed collecting their vinyl recordings.

Mississippi John Hurt wrote and recorded various versions of a song called "Joe Turner Blues."[25]

Most famous recordings

Discography

Albums

  • Joe Turner Sings Kansas City Jazz (Decca, 1953)
  • Thelonious Monk and Joe Turner in Paris (Vogue/RCA, 1954)
  • Joe Turner and Pete Johnson (EmArcy, 1955)
  • The Boss of the Blues Sings Kansas City Jazz (Atlantic, 1956)[28]
  • Rock & Roll (Atlantic, 1957)
  • Rockin' the Blues (Atlantic, 1958)
  • Big Joe Is Here (Atlantic, 1959)
  • Big Joe Rides Again (Atlantic, 1960)
  • Jumpin' the Blues with Pete Johnson (Arhoolie, 1962)
  • Joe Turner and Jimmy Nelson (Crown, 1963)
  • Sings The Blues Vol. I (Oriole, 1964) * Sings The Blues Vol. II (Oriole, 1965)
  • Singing the Blues (BluesWay, 1967)
  • The Real Boss of the Blues (BluesTime, 1969)
  • Super Black Blues (BluesTime, 1969) with T-Bone Walker and Otis Spann
  • Turns On the Blues (Kent, 1970)
  • Texas Style (Black and Blue, 1971)
  • Boss Man of the Blues (1973)
  • The Bosses (Pablo, 1974) with Count Basie
  • The Trumpet Kings Meet Joe Turner (Pablo, 1975) with Dizzy Gillespie, Roy Eldridge, Harry "Sweets" Edison and Clark Terry
  • Nobody in Mind (Pablo, 1976) with Roy Eldridge and Milt Jackson
  • In the Evening (Pablo, 1976)
  • Things That I Used to Do (Pablo, 1977)
  • Everyday I Have the Blues (Pablo, 1978) with Pee Wee Crayton and Sonny Stitt
  • Really the Blues (Big Town, 1978)
  • I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter (Spivey 1978)
  • Midnight Special (Pablo, 1980)
  • Have No Fear Joe Turner Is Here (Pablo, 1981)
  • The Very Best of Big Joe Turner Live (Quicksilver, 1982)
  • Roll Me Baby (Intermedia, 1982)
  • Boss Blues Live! (Intermedia, 1982)
  • Blues Train with Roomful of Blues (Muse, 1983)
  • Life Ain't Easy (Pablo, 1983)
  • Kansas City Here I Come (Pablo, 1984)
  • Patcha, Patcha, All Night Long with Jimmy Witherspoon (Pablo, 1985)
  • Big Joe Turner with Knocky Parker and His House Rockers (Southland, 1985)
  • Flip, Flop and Fly with Count Basie (Pablo, 1989)
  • Stormy Monday (Pablo, 1991)
  • Buck Clayton Meets Joe Turner (Black Lion, 1992)
  • Shake, Rattle & Roll (Tomato, 2003)
  • Live at the Music Machine 1983 (RockBeat, 2013)

Singles

Year Titles (A-side, B-side)
Both sides from same album except where indicated 		Chart Positions Album
US Pop[29] US
R&B[8]
1941 "Piney Brown Blues"
B-side "627 Stomp", by Pete Johnson's Band 		— — Non-album tracks
"Doggin' the Dog"
b/w "Rainy Day Blues" 		— —
"Somebody's Got to Do"
b/w "Ice Man" 		— —
"Careless Love"
b/w "Jumpin' Down the Blues" (non-album track) 		— — Joe Turner and Pete Johnson
1942 "Sun Risin' Blues"
b/w "Blues on Central Avenue" 		— — Non-album tracks
1944 "Little Bittie Gal's Blues"
b/w "I Got a Gal for Every Day in the Week"
Big Joe Turner and Pete Johnson Trio 		— —
1945 "Watch That Jive"
b/w "Johnson and Turner Blues"
Joe Turner with Pete Johnson's All-Stars 		— — Joe Turner and Pete Johnson
"It's the Same Old Story"
b/w "Rebecca" 		— — Non-album tracks
"S.K. Blues", Part 1
b/w Part 2
Joe Turner with Pete Johnson's All-Stars 		— 3 Joe Turner and Pete Johnson
1946 "Mad Blues"
b/w "Sunday Morning Blues"
Joe Turner with Bill Moore's Lucky Seven 		— — Careless Love
"My Gal's a Jockey"
b/w "I Got Love for Sale" (from Careless Love) 		— 6 Have No Fear Big Joe Turner Is Here
1948 "Tell Me Pretty Baby"
b/w "Christmas Date Boogie" 		— — Jumpin' the Blues
"Mardi Gras Boogie"
b/w "My Heart Belongs to You" 		— — Non-album tracks
"Morning Glory"
b/w "Low Down Dog" 		— — The Boss of the Blues Sings Kansas City Jazz
1949 "Blues on Central Avenue"
b/w "Sun Risin' Blues"
Reissue 		— — Non-album tracks
"I Don't Dig It"
b/w "Rainy Weather Blues" 		— —
1950 "Love My Baby"
b/w "Lucille" 		— —
"Still in the Dark"
b/w "Adam Bit the Apple" (non-album track) 		— 9 And the Blues'll Make You Happy Too
"You'll Be Sorry"
b/w "Feelin' Happy" 		— — Non-album tracks
"I Want My Baby"
b/w "Midnight Is Here Again" 		— —
"Jumpin' at the Jubilee"
b/w "Lonely World" 		— —
"Just a Travellin' Man"
b/w "Life Is Like a Card Game" 		— —
"Back-Breaking Blues"
b/w "Empty Pocket Blues" 		— —
1951 "Chains of Love"
b/w "After My Laughter Came Tears" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— 2 Rock & Roll
"Christmas Date"
b/w "Howd'ya Want Your Rollin' Done" (non-album track) 		— — Jumpin' the Blues
"Life Is a Card Game"
b/w "When the Rooster Crows" 		— — Non-album tracks
"The Chill Is On"
b/w 'Bump Miss Susie" 		— 3 Big Joe Is Here
1952 "Sweet Sixteen"
b/w "I'll Never Stop Loving You" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— 3 Rock & Roll
"Don't You Cry"
b/w "Poor Lover's Blues" 		— 5 Big Joe Is Here
"Still In Love"
b/w "Baby, I Still Want You" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— — Rockin' the Blues
1953 "Blues Jump the Rabbit"
b/w "The Sun Is Shining" 		— — Non-album tracks
"Honey Hush" (later retitled "Yakity-Yak")
b/w "Crawdad Hole" 		— 1 Rock & Roll
1954 "TV Mama"
b/w "Oke-She-Moke-She-Pop" (from Rock & Roll) 		— 6 Rockin' the Blues
"Shake, Rattle and Roll"
b/w "You Know I Love You" (from Rockin' the Blues) 		— 1 Rock & Roll
"Well All Right"
b/w "Married Woman" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— 9
1955 "Flip Flop and Fly"
b/w "Ti-Ri-Lee" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— 2
"Hide and Seek"
b/w "Midnight Cannonball" (from Big Joe Is Here) 		— 3
1956 "The Chicken and the Hawk"
"Morning, Noon and Night" 		— 7
"Morning, Noon and Night"
"The Chicken and the Hawk" 		— 8 Rockin' the Blues
"Corrine, Corrina" (original version)
b/w "It's the Same Old Story" 		— — Non-album tracks
"Corrine, Corrina" (rerecorded version)
b/w "Boogie Woogie Country Girl" 		41 2 Rock & Roll
"Lipstick, Powder and Paint"
Rock a While" 		— 8 Rockin' the Blues
"Rock a While"
"Lipstick, Powder and Paint" 		— 12 Big Joe Is Here
"Midnight Special Train"
b/w "Feeling Happy" 		— — Rock & Roll
1957 "After a While"
b/w "Red Sails in the Sunset" 		— — Rockin' the Blues
"Love Roller Coaster"
b/w "World of Trouble" 		— 12
"Trouble in Mind"
b/w "I Need a Girl" 		— —
"Teen Age Letter"
b/w "Wee Baby Blues" (from The Boss of the Blues Sings Kansas City Jazz) 		— —
1958 "Jump for Joy"
b/w "Blues in the Night" 		— 15
1959 "Got You on My Mind"
b/w "Love Oh Careless Love" 		— — Rhythm & Blues Years
1960 "Honey Hush" (Re-recording)
b/w "Tomorrow Night" 		53 —
"Chains of Love"
b/w "My Little Honey Dripper" 		— —
"My Reason for Living"
b/w "Sweet Sue" 		— —
1964 "I'm Packin' Up"
b/w "I Walk a Lonely Mile" 		— — Non-album tracks
"Shake Rattle and Roll" (rerecording)
b/w "There'll Be Some Tears Falling" 		— —
1967 "Big Wheel"
b/w "Bluer Than Blue" 		— — Singing the Blues
1968 "I've Been Up on the Mountain"
b/w "I Love You Baby" (non-album track) 		— — Boss Man of the Blues
1969 "Shake Rattle and Roll" (second rerecording)
b/w "Two Loves Have I" 		— — The Real Boss of the Blues
"Love Ain't Nothin'"
b/w "10-20-25-30" 		— — Non-album tracks
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
b/w "Morning Glory" 		— — Big Joe Turner Turns On the Blues
1973 "One Hour in Your Garden"
b/w "You've Been Squeezin' My Lemons" 		— — Still Boss of the Blues

Bibliography

  • The Encyclopedia of Jazz and Blues. ISBN 1-86155-385-4.
  • Jumpin' the Blues, Joe Turner with Pete Johnson's Orchestra. Liner notes. Arhoolie Records.
  • Rocks in My Bed, Big Joe Turner. Liner notes. International Music.
  • The Chronological Joe Turner, 1949–1950. Liner notes. Classics Records.
  • Rock and Roll, Big Joe Turner. Liner notes. Atlantic Records.
  • Shout, Rattle and Roll, Big Joe Turner. Liner notes. Proper Records (four-CD boxed set), 2005.[30]
  • I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter, Big Joe Turner. Liner notes. Spivey Records, 1977.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Big Joe Turner". Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  2. ^ a b c d e Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 1194. ISBN 1-85227-745-9.
  3. ^ a b Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 17. Properbox 89.
  4. ^ Baker, Katie (2014-10-24). "Those Kansas City Blues: A Family History". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2018-01-28.
  5. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records Ltd. p. 11. Properbox 89.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Dahl, Bill. "Big Joe Turner". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  7. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 19. Properbox 89.
  8. ^ a b c Whitburn, Joel (1996). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995. Record Research. p. 453.
  9. ^ "15,000 Persons at Wrigley Field for 'Jazz Cavalcade'". California Eagle. September 27, 1945.
  10. ^ O'Connell, Sean J. (2014). Los Angeles's Central Avenue jazz. Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1467131308. OCLC 866922945.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^ “Jazz Cavalcade Boasts Top Name Talent for Show” Article Los Angeles Sentinel Aug. 5, 1948
  12. ^ a b c d Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. pp. 178–79. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
  13. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 11. Properbox 89.
  14. ^ a b Gilliland, John. "Show 3 – The Tribal Drum: The Rise of Rhythm and Blues, Part 1". UNT Digital Library. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Shake Rattle and Roll". History-of-rock.com. 1954-04-28. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
  16. ^ Russell, Tony (1997). The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray. Dubai: Carlton Books. p. 117. ISBN 1-85868-255-X.
  17. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 37. Properbox 89.
  18. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 9. Properbox 89.
  19. ^ "Blues Foundation Hall of Fame". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
  20. ^ John Tobler (1992). NME Rock 'n' Roll Years. Reed International Books. p. 413. CN 5585.
  21. ^ "Blasters Newsletter". Issue 59. Blastersnewsletter.com. Retrieved 2013-06-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  22. ^ Lewis, Randy (15 September 2015). "Phil and Dave Alvin uncover more common ground on 'Lost Time'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Dave Alvin and Phil Alvin: Lost Time". AmericanSongwriter.com. 2015-09-15. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  24. ^ "New Album 'Lost Time' Out September 18 on Yep Roc Records". Davealvin.net. 2015-09-18. Retrieved 2015-10-07.
  25. ^ "Joe Turner Blues - Mississippi John Hurt". AllMusic. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  26. ^ a b c d e Joseph Murrells (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). Barrie & Jenkins. p. 57. ISBN 0-214-20512-6.
  27. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records. p. 47. Properbox 89.
  28. ^ "The Boss of the Blues - Big Joe Turner | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  29. ^ Whitburn, Joel (2003). Top Pop Singles 1955–2002. Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research. p. 726. ISBN 0-89820-155-1.
  30. ^ Komorowski, Adam (2005). Shout, Rattle and Roll (CD). London: Proper Records Ltd. pp. 1–48. Properbox 89.
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