Fowler Report
The Fowler Report, released on March 14, 2000, is a United Nations report detailing how various companies, African and European governments, including that of Angola and the political wing of UNITA, violated the Lusaka Protocol as well as UN-imposed sanctions. Robert Fowler, Canada's ambassador to the United Nations, headed the commission that compiled the report,[1] which raised widespread international concern by highlighting the strong link between the illicit diamond trade and third world conflicts.[2]
UN sanctions
Following the resumption of the Angolan civil war by UNITA, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1173 and Resolution 1176 in 1998, which sought to bring an end to the conflict by imposing sanctions against the UNITA movement, specifically targeting its ability to finance the war through the sale of blood diamonds.[3]
Sanctions-breaking diamond trade
Despite the sanctions imposed against UNITA, the organisation was able to continue financing the conflict;[4] the UN therefore passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 1237, which gave Robert Fowler's panel of experts a mandate to investigate how the sanctions were being circumvented. According to the Fowler Report, UNITA used a number of channels to sell or barter diamonds for cash or weapons. In one of the schemes that was identified, Joe de Deker, a former stockholder in De Beers, worked with the government of Zaire to supply military equipment to UNITA from 1993 to 1997.[5] De Deker's brother, Ronnie, was an arms dealer who allegedly travelled with him from South Africa to Angola, directing weapons originating in Eastern Europe. In return, UNITA gave Ronnie bushels of diamonds worth US$6 million. De Deker sent the diamonds to De Beer's buying office in Antwerp, Belgium. De Beers openly acknowledges spending $500 million on legal and illegal Angolan diamonds in 1992 alone. The United Nations estimates Angolans made between three and four billion dollars through the diamond trade between 1992 and 1998.[6][7] The UN also estimates that out of that sum, UNITA made at least $3.72 billion, or 93% of all diamond sales, despite international sanctions.[8]
Support for UNITA
Togolese President Gnassingbé Eyadéma allowed UNITA to use Togo as a base of operations. He gave money to relatives of Jonas Savimbi and shipped arms to UNITA militants. The report condemned Burkinabé President Blaise Compaoré for sending fuel to UNITA and maintaining a stronger alliance with UNITA than all other African leaders. The Rwandan and Gabonese governments refueled UNITA airplanes and sent fuel to Angola. The governments of South Africa, Zambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Morocco and Belgium did not enforce the UN-travel ban on UNITA officials while France, Portugal, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States allowed UNITA to maintain offices in their respective countries.[1]
Impact
The UN had no powers to enforce compliance with the sanctions, so the report instead set out to name and shame the countries, companies and individuals involved,[9] and thereby led directly to the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 and the subsequent establishment of the [[Kimberley Process Certification Scheme] [Kimberly Process Authority Chairman Is Determined by Member voting][10] (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56).
See also
References
- ^ a b W. Martin, James (2004). Historical Dictionary of Angola. p. 58.
- ^ Arthur V. Levy (2003). Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions. Nova Publishers. pp. 5–6. ISBN 1-59033-715-8.
- ^ Anna Frangipani Campino (2001-03-21). "Conflict Diamonds". United Nations. Archived from the original on 2000-10-20. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
- ^ "Unisa Latin American report". 15–18. UNISA Centre for Latin American Studies. 1999: 29.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Robert Fowler (2000-03-10). "Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 2010-03-20.
- ^ Roberts, Janine (2003). Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire. pp. 223–224.
- ^ Arms Project (1994). Angola: Arms Trade and Violations of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections: Sumário Em Portugués. Human Rights Watch. p. 3.
- ^ Arnold, Guy (2000). The New South Africa. pp. 131.
- ^ "Sanctions in Angola". Global Policy Forum. Retrieved 2010-03-21.
- ^ Paul Collier (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. World Bank. p. 142. ISBN 0-8213-5481-7.
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