Parameshvara (epithet)
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Paraméshwara (IAST: Parameśvara, Sanskrit: परमेश्वर) or Parameshwara is the term usually referred to the Hindu god Brahma as the Supreme being, Shiva according to Shivaism, and Vishnu according to Vaishnavism. He is one of 4 major sampradaya of Hinduism.[1][2][3] Parameshwara is the ultimate reality and nothing exists that is non one with Parameshwara.[4] He is the totality controlling the triple forces of creation, preservation and destruction.[5]
Etymology
The word is a compound of the Sanskrit words Param meaning 'Supreme', ईश्वर Ish meaning 'Lord' and Vara is 'Excellent'. Thus Parameshvara literally means 'Supreme Lord Excellent' or 'Supreme Ruler'. It is synonym for Parabrahman, the Indian equivalent of Supreme being.[6] Sometimes, other traditions of Hinduism such as Vedanta and Vaishnavism also use the term Parameshwara as a synonym of Parabrahman within their philosophical perspectives.[7][8]
According to Kashmir Shaivism
Kashmiri Shaivism describes all of reality, with all of its diversity and fluctuation, is the play of the single principle, Paramashiva. The two aspects of this single reality are inseparably united: Shiva and Shakti.[9] Paramashiva appears as the world through his creative power, Shakti.[10] The ontological nature of Paramashiva is beyond human knowledge and articulation, yet it can be experienced directly through mystical intuition.[11]
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According to Saiva Siddhanta
Shaiva siddanta accepts the existence of Tripathartham (three entities), pati - the supreme being Paramashiva, pashu - all atmans and pasam - three bondages of Anava, Karma, Maya. As the supreme being Parameshwara only has the distinct eight characters or predecates which are applied to distinguish him with the other two entities of Saiva Siddhanta - Pashu and Pasam. They are sarvajnatva (who knows everything), nityatrptatva (with infinite happiness), anādibōdha (without bondages), Svatantratva (independent), aluptashakti (unlimited mercy), anantashakti (unrestricted grace), nirāmayatma (wholesome) and Visuddhadēha (with pure body).[12]
Shaiva siddhanta states that Parameshwara in two states - tatasta lakshanam, the form of lord that is moving through 36 tattvas and Svarupa Lakshanam, the pure form of supreme being beyond everything.[13] These two forms can be compared with the Saguna and Nirguna definitions on Para brahman of Vedantic tradition. When he is defined with tatasta lakshanam, Paramashiva exists in nine divine forms, Brahma, Vishnu, Rudra, Maheshwara, Sadasiva, Sivam, Shakti, Nadam, Bindhu in which he is beyond words in his last four formless manifestations known as "Arupa". First five are his manifestations with forms and known as rupa. Sadasiva is his mixed form of rupa and arupa which is often identified with Lingam.[14] Sivam and sakthi exist as inseparable Nada-bindu in the state of Svarupa Lakshanam in which they are often identified the non-dual supreme being Paramashiva and Parashakti. Since they are inseparable and undifferentiated, Saiva siddhanta sees them as single oneness, Parameshwara.
See also
References
- ^ Nisargadatta Maharaj (Jan 30, 2003). Nectar of Immortality: Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj's Discourses on the Eternal Front. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 183. ISBN 9788120819481.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Swami Vivekananda (2007). "Brahmanism". Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India. 112.
- ^ Constance Jones, James D. Ryan (2006). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 9780816075645.
- ^ Mark S. G. Dyczkowski (1992). The Stanzas on Vibration: The SpandaKarika with Four Commentaries: The SpandaSamdoha by Ksemaraja, The SpandaVrtti by Kallatabhatta, The SpandaVivrti by Rajanaka Rama, The SpandaPradipika by Bhagavadutpala. SUNY Press. p. 212.
- ^ Steven Kossak, Martin Lerner. The Arts of South and Southeast Asia, Vol.51, Issue 4. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 6.
- ^ Shri Parmananda Research Institute (1982). "Jammu and Kashmir (India)". Glimpses of Kashmiri Culture. 5: 78.
- ^ Edwin Bryant, Maria Ekstrand (2004). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. p. 133. ISBN 9780231508438.
- ^ Vedanta: Concepts and Application. Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. 2000. p. 31. ISBN 9788187332022.
- ^ Edward Quinn (2014). Critical Companion to George Orwell. Infobase Publishing. p. 229. ISBN 9781438108735.
- ^ Swami Abhayananda (2008). The Divine Universe. iUniverse. p. 95. ISBN 9780595527519.
- ^ Jagadish Chandra Chatterji (1914). Kashmir Shaivaism. SUNY Press. pp. viii. ISBN 9780887061790.
- ^ K. Sivaraman (1973). Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 526. ISBN 9788120817715.
- ^ Jayandra Soni (1989). Philosophical Anthropology in Śaiva Siddhānta: With Special Reference to Śivāgrayogin. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 58. ISBN 9788120806320.
- ^ S. Sabaratna Mudaliyar (1913). Essentials of Hinduism in the Light of Šaiva Siddhānta. Meykandan Press. p. 61.