Hemin

Hemin
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	Consumer Drug Information
Routes of; administration	Intravenous infusion
ATC code	B06AB01 (WHO) ;
Legal status
Legal status	US: ℞-only;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name Chloro[3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoato(2−)]iron(III);
CAS Number	16009-13-5 ;
PubChem CID	5318002;
ChemSpider	21160444 ;
UNII	743LRP9S7N;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1628226 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C34H32ClFeN4O4
Molar mass	651.95 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES OC(=O)CCC=5C1=C\C6=N\C(=C/c3n2[Fe](Cl)N1C(=C\C4=N\C(=C/c2c(C=C)c3C)C(/C)=C4/C=C)/C=5C)C(\C)=C6\CCC(O)=O;
	InChI InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4.ClH.Fe/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25;;/h7-8,13-16H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H4,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42);1H;/q;;+3/p-3/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16?;; ; Key:BTIJJDXEELBZFS-UKFHATERSA-K ;
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Hemin (haemin; ferric chloride heme) is an iron-containing porphyrin with chlorine that can be formed from a heme group, such as heme B found in the hemoglobin of human blood.

Chemistry

Hemin is protoporphyrin IX containing a ferric iron (Fe³⁺) ion with a coordinating chloride ligand.

Chemically, hemin differs from the related heme-compound hematin chiefly in that the coordinating ion is a chloride ion in hemin, whereas the coordinating ion is a hydroxide ion in hematin.^[1] The iron ion in haem is ferrous (Fe²⁺), whereas it is ferric (Fe³⁺) in both hemin and hematin.

Hemin is endogenously produced in the human body, for example during the turnover of old red blood cells. It can form inappropriately as a result of hemolysis or vascular injury. Several proteins in human blood bind to hemin, such as hemopexin and serum albumin.

Pharmacological use

A lyophilised form of hemin is used as a pharmacological agent in certain cases for the treatment of porphyria attacks, particularly in acute intermittent porphyria. Administration of hemin can reduce heme deficits in such patients, thereby suppressing the activity of delta-amino-levulinic acid synthase (a key enzyme in the synthesis of the porphyrins) by biochemical feedback, which in turn reduces the production of porphyrins and of the toxic precursors of heme. In such pharmacological contexts, hemin is typically formulated with human albumin prior to administration by a medical professional, to reduce the risk of phlebitis and to stabilize the compound, which is potentially reactive if allowed to circulate in free-form. Such pharmacological forms of hemin are sold under a range of trade names including the trademarks Panhematin^{®^[2]} and Normosang^®.^[3]

History of isolation

Hemin was first crystallized out of blood in 1853, by Ludwik Karol Teichmann. Teichmann discovered that blood pigments can form microscopic crystals. Thus, crystals of hemin are occasional referred to as 'Teichmann crystals'. Hans Fischer synthesized hemin, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1930.^[4] Fischer's procedure involves treating defribrinated blood with a solution of sodium chloride in acetic acid.^[5]

Forensics

Hemin can be produced from haemoglobin by the so-called Teichmann test, when haemoglobin is heated with glacial acetic acid (saturated with saline). This can be used to detect blood traces.

Other

Hemin is considered the "X factor" required for the growth of Haemophilus influenzae.^[6]

References

^ Grenoble DC, Drickamer HG (December 1968). "The effect of pressure on the oxidation state of iron. 3. Hemin and hematin" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 61 (4): 1177–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.61.4.1177. PMC 225235. PMID 5249803.
^ "Panhematin for Acute Porphyria". American Porphyria Foundation.
^ "Normosang". Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC).
^ Fischer, Hans. "On hemin and the relationships between hemin and chlorophyll" (PDF). Nobel Lecture. Nobel Prize Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
^ Fischer, Hans (1941). "Hemin". Org. Synth. 21: 53. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.021.0053. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
^ Sherris JC, Ryan KJ, Ray CL (2004). Sherris medical microbiology: an introduction to infectious diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 395. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

External links

Information from the American Porphyria Foundation, including emergency delivery information
Hemin at RxList
Hemin at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

[1] Grenoble DC, Drickamer HG (December 1968). "The effect of pressure on the oxidation state of iron. 3. Hemin and hematin" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 61 (4): 1177–82. doi:10.1073/pnas.61.4.1177. PMC 225235. PMID 5249803.

[2] "Panhematin for Acute Porphyria". American Porphyria Foundation.

[3] "Normosang". Electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC).

[4] Fischer, Hans. "On hemin and the relationships between hemin and chlorophyll" (PDF). Nobel Lecture. Nobel Prize Foundation. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[5] Fischer, Hans (1941). "Hemin". Org. Synth. 21: 53. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.021.0053. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |name-list-format= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)

[isbn0-8385-8529-9-6] Sherris JC, Ryan KJ, Ray CL (2004). Sherris medical microbiology: an introduction to infectious diseases. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 395. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

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