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Luch (satellite)

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Luch
Luch 15 (Altair 15L) in the A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg, Russia
ManufacturerNPO-PM
Country of originRussia
ApplicationsTo transmit live TV images, communications and other telemetry
Specifications
Spacecraft typeSatellite
Dry mass2.4 metric tons
Power1.8 kW
RegimeGeosynchronous
Capacity
Payload to {{{to}}}
This article is about the communications spacecraft. For the Lunar lander, see Altair (spacecraft).
For the 2014 Russian signal intelligence satellite also known as"Luch", see Olymp-K.

The Luch (Russian: Луч; lit. Ray) Satellite Data Relay Network (SDRN), also referred to as Altair and Gelios, is a series of geosynchronous Russian relay satellites, used to transmit live TV images, communications and other telemetry from the Soviet/Russian space station Mir, the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS) of the International Space Station and other orbital spacecraft to the Earth,[1] in a manner similar to that of the upcoming Indian Data Relay Satellite System and US Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System.

First generation

Conceptual drawing of a Luch geosynchronous satellite, referred to in the West as "Altair/SR relay satellite". It was designed for voice and data relay with the Mir space station, in what was called the Satellite Data Relay Network (SDRN).[2]

The first generation of satellites was created by NPO-PM using the satellite platform KAUR-4 (its first use) and had the code name "Altair" (index GUKOS - 11F669). The system was conceived as part of the second generation of the Global Satellite Data Relay Network (Глобальная Космическая Командно-Ретрансляционная система (GKKRS)) and was developed by decree of the Soviet Council of Ministers of February 17, 1976 (the other part of this decree authorized the construction of geostationary system "Geyser"). Five satellites have been built on this platform, but only four have been launched: Kosmos 1700, Kosmos 1897, Kosmos 2054 and Luch-1, none of which are currently operational.[3][4][5] The fifth satellite has been, due to lack of funds for the launcher, donated to the A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications in Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Platform design

Each satellite had a mass of 2.4 metric tons and featured two photovoltaic arrays, providing 1.8 kW of power.[6] Three large antennas and numerous, small helical antennas permitted data relays in the 15/14, 15/11, and 0.9/0.7 GHz bands.[6]

Second generation

In the second generation of the satellites, code named "Gelios", several improvements have been introduced. Nonetheless, due to lack of funds, only one satellite built on this platform has been launched: Luch-2 1 (Gelios-12L) on September 11, 1995 – it stopped working in 1998.

Third generation - MKSR Luch Constellation

See also: Luch 5A, Luch 5B, and Luch 5V

Originally, during 2009, the Russian Federal Space Agency signed a contract with JSC Information Satellite Systems (previously "NPO-PM") for the development of a new generation of satellites, Luch-4, Luch-5A and Luch-5B.[7][8] It would enable to rebuild the Luch network and provide the ROS with 45 minutes of coverage per orbit via the Lira and Regul communications systems.[9] Luch-4 would be based on the heavier Ekspress-2000 satellite platform, while the Luch-5A and Luch-5B would be based on the lighter Ekspress-1000 and fly with companion satellites on Proton-M/Briz-M.[10][11][12] That plan was suspended and the MKSR Luch Constellation was defined. It deleted the heavier and more expensive Luch-4 and added a twin of the Luch-5A, the Luch-5V.[11] The three orbital position used by this system would be the 95° east over the Indian Ocean, the 16° west, over the Atlantic Ocean and the 167° east over the Pacific Ocean.[7] The positions are assigned to the Luch-5V, Luch-5B and Luch-5A respectively.[13]

Luch 5A arrived to Baikonur on November 10, 2011, and was launched on December 11, 2011 along AMOS-5.[11][14][15] Luch 5B went through vacuum thermal testing during May 2012 and was launched on November 3, 2012 along Yamal-300K.[12][16][17] Luch 5V was launched on April 28, 2014 along KazSat-3.[11][18]

During a 2013 a military communication satellite was identified as both Luch and Olymp, and later named Olymp-K, was manifested to fly on the Proton-M.[19] It launched successfully on a Proton-M/Briz-M on September 28, 2014. It is known to be based on the USP platform, to be designed for a 15-year life on GEO, to have a laser communications terminal, to use Hall thrusters and is considered to also have a SIGINT payload.[20][21]

On 9 October 2015, Spacenews.com reported[22] that in April 2015, Olymp-K had moved to within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of the Intelsat communications spacecraft Intelsat 901 and the nearby Intelsat 7, causing concerns of a safety-of-flight incident. Attempts by Intelsat to contact the Russian satellite's operators were not successful, and no reason for the satellite's movement was given by the Russian government. The move sparked classified meetings within the Department of Defense.

The Luch-4 is speculated to have mutated into the Yenisey A1.[21] It will be mostly a demonstration spacecraft for new technologies, particularly large diameter unfurlable antenna reflectors and use of electric propulsion for orbit raising maneuvers.[21]

The new Progress-MS and Soyuz-MS will have a Unified Command Telemetry System (UCTS) that will make extensive use of the Luch and GLONASS networks to have real-time telemetry and control of the spacecraft even when not overflying a ground radio station.[23]

Criticism

On 7 September 2018, France’s Minister of the Armed Forces, Florence Parly, claimed that in 2017 a Luch-Olymp spacecraft has crept close to the Athena-Fidus satellite, a French-Italian satellite launched in 2014 and used for secure military communications and the planning of operations. Parly said, "Trying to listen to one’s neighbor is not only unfriendly. It’s called an act of espionage."[24]

References

  1. ^ David Harland (30 November 2004). The Story of Space Station Mir. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. ISBN 978-0-387-23011-5.
  2. ^ Portree, David (March 1995). "Mir Hardware Heritage" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  3. ^ Harvey, Brian (2007). The rebirth of the Russian space program: 50 years after Sputnik, new frontiers. Springer Praxis Books. p. 263. ISBN 0-387-71354-9.
  4. ^ Gary Kitmacher (2006). Reference Guide to the International Space Station. Canada: Apogee Books. pp. 71–80. ISBN 978-1-894959-34-6. ISSN 1496-6921.
  5. ^ "Luch (Altair)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  6. ^ a b Mark Wade. "Luch". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2010.
  7. ^ a b Roskin, Sergei (2012-03-15). "Развитие системы "Луч"" [Development of the Luch System] (PDF). Sibirsky Sputnik (in Russian) (9 (297)). JSC Information Satellite Systems: 4. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  8. ^ "Multifunctional space data relay system Loutch". JSC Information Satellite Systems. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
  9. ^ Zak, Anatoly (4 January 2010). "Space exploration in 2011". RussianSpaceWeb. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  10. ^ Krebs, Gunter Dirk (2015-03-06). "Yenisey A1 (Luch 4)". Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  11. ^ a b c d Krebs, Gunter Dirk (2015-03-06). "Luch 5A, 5V". Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  12. ^ a b Krebs, Gunter Dirk (2015-03-06). "Luch 5B". Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  13. ^ Johnston, Eric (2015-05-29). "List of Satellites in Geostationary Orbit". Satellite Signals. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  14. ^ "Loutch-5A delivered to cosmodrome". JSC Information Satellite Systems. 2011-11-11. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  15. ^ "AMOS-5 and Loutch-5A successfully launched". JSC Information Satellite Systems. 2011-12-12. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  16. ^ "Loutch-5B spacecraft in thermal vacuum tests". JSC Information Satellite Systems. 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  17. ^ "Loutch-5B and Yamal-300K successfully launched". JSC Information Satellite Systems. 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  18. ^ "Loutch-5V and KazSat-3 successfully put into orbit". JSC Information Satellite Systems. 2014-04-29. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  19. ^ Zak, Anatoly (2014-02-20). "Proton Missions in 2013". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  20. ^ Zak, Anatoly (2015-02-23). "Proton successfully returns to flight delivering a secret Olymp satellite". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  21. ^ a b c Krebs, Gunter Dirk (2015-03-06). "Luch (Olimp-K)". Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  22. ^ Gruss, Mike. "Russian Satellite Maneuvers, Silence Worry Intelsat". spacenews.com. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  23. ^ "Upgraded Progress Transport Cargo Spacecraft Getting Ready for Launch". Yuzhny Space Center. 2015-08-10. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
  24. ^ ‘Espionage:' French defense head charges Russia of dangerous games in space, John Leicester & Sylvie Corbet, Associated Press / Defense News, 2018-09-08
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