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K–12

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For other uses, see K12 (disambiguation).
"The structure of education in the United States"
"The structure of education in the United States"

K–12 (spoken as "k twelve", "k through twelve", or "k to twelve"), from kindergarten to 12th grade, is an American expression that indicates the range of years of supported primary and secondary education found in the United States, which is similar to publicly supported school grades prior to college in several other countries, such as Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, Ecuador, China, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea and Turkey.[1]

History

US Public education was conceived of in the late 18th century. In 1790, Pennsylvania became the first state to require some form of free education for even those who could not afford it. New York passed similar legislation in 1805. In 1820 Massachusetts became the first state to create tuition-free high school, 'Boston English'.[2]

The first K–12 public systems were seen in the early 19th century. In the 1830s and 1840s, Ohioans were taking a significant interest in the idea of public education. Schools commonly operated exclusive of one another at this time in American history, with little attempt at uniformity. The "Akron School Law of 1847" changed this. Named after Akron, Ohio, where the system was first conceived, this law passed by the Ohio legislature largely unified the operations, curriculum and funding of local school systems. Though the law is named "Akron School Law of 1847", it took two years to pass, becoming law in 1849.

"Under the Akron School Law, there was to be one school district encompassing the entire city. Within that district would be a number of elementary schools, with students divided into separate "grades" based on achievement. When enough demand existed, the school board would establish a high school as well. Property taxes would pay for the new school system. A school board, elected by the community, would make decisions about the system's management and hire the necessary professionals to run each school. Illustrating the racism that existed in Ohio during this era, the Akron School Law excluded African-American children from the public school system."[3]

By 1930, all 48 states had passed laws making education compulsory, and in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), granting a large federal expenditure to each state for the purpose of sustaining local K–12 systems. This law essentially enacted K–12 education as the law of the land.[4]

Since its inception, public K–12 has been debated, with several waves of reform throughout the last 50 years. In the 1980s, Reagan's 'A Nation at Risk' initiative provided provisions requiring public education to be evaluated based on standards, and teacher pay to be based on evaluations. In the 1990s, the Goals 2000 Act and the “Improving America’s Schools” act provided additional funding to states to bolster the K–12 systems. This was followed in the 2000s by a rigorous uptick in standards-based evaluations with the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Race to the Top Act. In 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), giving state government back some individual power over evaluations and standards.[5]

Etymology

The expression "K-12" is a shortening of kindergarten (K) for 5- 6 year olds through twelfth grade (12) for 17- 18 year-olds, as the first and last grades, respectively, of free education[6] in these countries. The related term "P–12" is also occasionally used in Australia and the United States to refer to the sum of K–12 plus preschool education.[7][8]

The image at the right is a table that defines the education system in the United States. The table shows the progression of the education system starting with the basic K–12 system then progressing through post-secondary education. K–14 refers to K–12 plus two years of post-secondary where training was received from vocational-technical institutions or community or junior colleges. The K numbers refer to the years of educational attainment and continues to progress upward accordingly depending on the degree being sought.[9]

Usage

The term is often used in school website URLs, generally appearing before the country code top-level domain (or in the United States, the state top-level domain). The terms "PK–12", "PreK–12", or "Pre-K–12" are sometimes used to add pre-kindergarten.

It is also used by American multinationals selling into the educational sector,[10] such as Dell where UK customers are presented with this as a market segment choice.[11]

P–12

In Australia, P–12 [12] is sometimes used in place of K–12, particularly in Queensland, where it is used as an official term in the curriculum framework.[13] P–12 schools serve children for the thirteen years from prep until Year 12,[14] without including the separate kindergarten component. In Canada (Nova Scotia) P–12 is used commonly in place of K–12 and serves students from grade Primary through 12.

K–14, K–16, K–18 and K–20

See also: K–16

K–14 education also includes community colleges (the first two years of university). K–16 education[15] adds a four-year undergraduate university degree. For simplicity purposes education shorthand was created to denote specific education levels of achievement. This shorthand is commonly used in articles, publications and educational legislation. The following list contains the most commonly found shorthand descriptors:

  • P–14: Pre-school to associate degree
  • P–16: Pre-school to bachelor's degree
  • P–18: Pre-school to master's degree
  • P–20: Pre-school to graduate degree
  • K–14: Kindergarten to associate degree
  • K–16: Kindergarten to bachelor's degree
  • K–18: Kindergarten to master's degree
  • K–20: Kindergarten to graduate degree

The Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit of the California Community College Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems.[16]

The ASCCC Chancellor's Office Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit[17] of the Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems. Responsible for the implementation of the Vocational and Technical Education Act (VTEA), managing and coordinating activities that impact other interagency and intra-agency objectives. In addition, the CTE Unit is also responsible for the development, dissemination, and implementation of the California State Plan and the annual performance reports.[18]

Further reference to K–18 education can be found in this publication by Ann Diver-Stamnes and Linda Catelli[19] in chapter 4 "College/University Partnership Projects for Instituting Change and Improvement in K–18 Education".

See also

References

  1. ^ Glavin, Chris (2014-02-06). "Education in the United States | K12 Academics". www.k12academics.com. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  2. ^ Hornbeck, Dustin (2017-04-26). "Federal role in education has a long history | The Conversation". www.theconversation.com. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  3. ^ "Akron School Law | Ohio History Central". www.ohiohistorycentral.org/. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  4. ^ Hornbeck, Dustin (2017-04-26). "Federal role in education has a long history | The Conversation". www.theconversation.com. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  5. ^ Finn, Chester, Jr. (2013-03-14). "Short History of K-12 Reform | Hoover Institute". www.hoover.org. Retrieved 2019-02-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ "Online Education Programs & Schooling | K12". K12. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  7. ^ Heritage College Cooranbong Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, NSW, Australia
  8. ^ "P–12 | US Department of Education". Retrieved 2016-09-16.
  9. ^ "Digest of Education Statistics, 2012". nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-05.
  10. ^ "Top 14 Companies in the Smart Education and eLearning Industry | Technavio". www.technavio.com. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2011-07-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ Training, Department of Education and. "P-12 curriculum, assessment and reporting framework". education.qld.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2014-08-04. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  13. ^ P–12 Curriculum Framework Archived 2014-08-04 at the Wayback Machine – education.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  14. ^ "Why is P–12 career education important?". Department of Education and Training (Queensland). 2004. Archived from the original on 2009-12-15. Retrieved 2010-01-01.
  15. ^ "Why we need a K-16 education system - The Hechinger Report". The Hechinger Report. 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2012-08-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http://www.desertcolleges.org/Faculty/Career.htm
  17. ^ "CTE Community Collaborative : Career Technical Education (CTE)". www.berkeleycitycollege.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-07-23.
  18. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 2012-08-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ Barnes & Noble. "Commitment to Excellence: Transforming Teaching and Teacher Education in Inner-City and Urban Settings". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved 5 February 2018.

Further reading

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