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Anna Komnene

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Anna Komnene
Anna Komnene’s Alexiad (12th cent. MS.)
Born1 December 1083
Porphyra Chamber, Great Palace of Constantinople, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
Died1153 (age 70)
Kecharitomene Monastery, Constantinople, Byzantine Empire
SpouseNikephoros Bryennios the Younger
IssueAlexios Komnenos, megas doux
John Doukas
Irene Doukaina
Maria Bryennaina Komnene
HouseHouse of Komnenos
FatherAlexios I Komnenos
MotherIrene Doukaina

Anna Komnene (Greek: Ἄννα Κομνηνή, romanized: Ánna Komnēnḗ; 1 December 1083 – 1153), commonly Latinized as Anna Comnena,[1] was a Byzantine princess, scholar, physician, hospital administrator, and historian. She was the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos and his wife Irene Doukaina.[2] She is best known for her attempt to usurp her brother, John II Komnenos,[3] and for her work on The Alexiad, an account of her father's reign.[4]

At birth, Anna was betrothed to Constantine Doukas,[3] and she grew up in his mother's household.[5] She was well-educated in "Greek literature and history, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and medicine."[3] Anna and Constantine were next in the line to throne[6] until Anna's younger brother, John II Komnenos, became the heir in 1092.[7] Constantine died around 1094,[7] and Anna married Nikephoros Bryennios in 1097.[8] The two had several children before Nikephoros' death around 1136.[7]

Following her father's death in 1118, Anna and her mother attempted to usurp John II Komnenos.[9] Her husband refused to cooperate with them, and the usurpation failed.[3] As a result, John exiled Anna to the Kecharitomene Monastery, where she spent the rest of her life.[10]

Title page of the first Italian translation of Alexiad, 1846.

In confinement there, she wrote the Alexiad.[4]

She died sometime in the 1150s; the exact date is unknown.[11]

Family and early life

Anna was born on 1 December 1083[1] to Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina.[6] Her father, Alexios I Komnenos, became emperor in 1081, after usurping the previous Byzantine Emperor, Nikephoros Botaneiates.[5] Her mother, Irene Doukaina, was part of the imperial Doukai family.[12] In the Alexiad, Anna emphasizes her affection for her parents in stating her relationship to Alexios and Irene.[13] She was the eldest of seven children; her younger siblings were (in order) Maria, John II, Andronikos, Isaac, Eudokia, and Theodora.[14]

Anna was born in the Porphyra Chamber of the imperial palace in Constantinople, making her a porphyrogenita,[15] which underscored her imperial status. She noted this status in the Alexiad, stating that she was "born and bred in the purple."[16]

According to Anna's description in the Alexiad, her mother asked Anna to wait to be born until her father returned from war.[17] Obediently, Anna waited until her father came home.[17]

At birth, Anna was betrothed to Constantine Doukas,[3] the son of Emperor Michael VII and Maria of Alania.[18] The two were the heirs to the empire until sometime between c.1088 and 1092, after the birth of Anna's brother, John II Komnenos.[19] Various scholars point out that the betrothal was probably a political match intended to establish the legitimacy of Anna's father, who had usurped the previous emperor.[20]

Starting around 1090, Constantine's mother – Maria of Alania – raised Anna in her home.[21] It was common in Byzantium for mothers-in-law to raise daughters-in-law.[22] In 1094, Maria of Alania was implicated in an attempt to overthrow Alexios I Komnenos.[19] Some scholars argue that Anna's betrothal to Constantine Doukas may not have ended there, as he was not implicated in the plot against Alexios,[8] but it certainly ended when he died around 1094.[7]

Some scholars have also now started to look at Anna's relationships to Maria of Alania; Anna Dalassene, Anna's paternal grandmother; and Irene Doukaina as sources of inspiration and admiration for Anna.[23] For example, Thalia Gouma-Peterson argues that Irene Doukaina's "maternal ability to deal with the speculative and the intellectual enables the daughter to become the highly accomplished scholar she proudly claims to be in the opening pages of the Alexiad."[24]

Education

Anna wrote at the beginning of the Alexiad about her education, highlighting her experience with literature, Greek language, rhetoric, and sciences.[16] Tutors trained her in subjects that included astronomy, medicine, history, military affairs, geography, and mathematics.[citation needed] Anna was noted for her education by the medieval scholar, Niketas Choniates, who wrote that Anna "was ardently devoted to philosophy, the queen of all sciences, and was educated in every field."[25][26] Anna's conception of her education is shown in her testament, which credited her parents for allowing her to obtain an education.[27] This testament is in contrast to a funeral oration about Anna given by her contemporary, Georgios Tornikes. In his oration he said that she had to read ancient poetry, such as the Odyssey, in secret because her parents disapproved of its dealing with polytheism and other "dangerous exploits," which were considered "dangerous" for men and "excessively insidious" for women. Tornikes went on to say that Anna "braced the weakness of her soul" and studied the poetry "taking care not to be detected by her parents."[28]

Anna proved to be capable not only on an intellectual level but also in practical matters. Her father placed her in charge of a large hospital and orphanage that he built for her to administer in Constantinople. The hospital was said to hold beds for 10,000 patients and orphans.[citation needed] Anna taught medicine at the hospital, as well as at other hospitals and orphanages. She was considered an expert on gout. Anna treated her father during his final illness.[29]

Marriage

In roughly 1097, Anna's parents married her to Caesar Nikephoros Bryennios,[8] a member of the Bryennios family that had held the throne before the accession of Anna's father, Alexios I.[7] Nikephoros was a soldier and a historian.[3]

Most scholars agree that the marriage was a political one – it created legitimacy for Anna's paternal family through Bryennois' connections to past emperor's family.[30] The two were an intellectual couple, and Nikephoros Bryennios tolerated and possibly encouraged Anna's scholarly interests by allowing her to participate in various scholarly circles.[11] The couple had six known children: Eirene, Maria, Alexios, John, Andronikos, and Constantine.[31] Only Eirene, John, and Alexios survived to adulthood.[31]

Claim to the throne

In 1087, Anna's brother, John, was born. Several years after his birth, in 1092, John was designated emperor.[7] According to Niketas Choniates, Emperor Alexios "favored" John and declared him emperor while the Empress Irene "threw her full influence on [Anna's] side" and "continually attempted" to persuade the emperor to designate Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna's husband, in John's place.[32] Around 1112, Alexios fell sick with rheumatism and could not move. He therefore turned the civil government over to his wife, Irene; she in turn directed the administration to Bryennios.[33] Choniates states that, as Emperor Alexios lay dying in his imperial bedchamber, John arrived and "secretly" took the emperor's ring from his father during an embrace "as though in mourning."[34] Anna also worked in her husband's favor during her father's illness.[1] In 1118, Alexios I Komnenos died.[35] A cleric acclaimed John emperor in Hagia Sophia.[10]

According to Smythe, Anna "felt cheated" because she "should have inherited."[36] Indeed, according to Anna Komnene in the Alexiad, at her birth she was presented with "a crown and imperial diadem."[37] Anna's "main aim" in the depiction of events in the Alexiad, according to Stankovich, was to "stress her own right" to the throne and "precedence over her brother, John."[38]

In view of this belief, Jarratt et al. record that Anna was "almost certainly" involved in the murder plot against John at Alexios's funeral.[39] Indeed, Anna, according to Hill, attempted to create military forces to depose John.[10] According to Choniates, Anna was "stimulated by ambition and revenge" to scheme for the murder of her brother.[39] Smythe states the plots "came to nothing."[7] Jarratt et al., record that, a short time afterward, Anna and Bryennios "organized another conspiracy."[39] However, according to Hill, Bryennios refused to overthrow John, making Anna unable to continue with her plans.[10] With this refusal, Anna, according to Choniates, exclaimed "that nature had mistaken their sexes, for he ought to have been the woman."[1] According to Jarratt et al., Anna shows "a repetition of sexualized anger."[39] Indeed, Smythe asserts that Anna's goals were "thwarted by the men in her life."[40] Irene, however, according to Hill, had declined to participate in plans to revolt against an "established" emperor.[10] Hill, however, points out that Choniates, whom the above sources draw upon, wrote after 1204, and accordingly was "rather far removed" from "actual" events and that his "agenda" was to "look for the causes" of the toppling of Constantinople in 1204.[10]

In contrast, Leonora Neville argues that Anna was probably not involved in the attempted usurpation.[41] Anna plays a minor role in most of the available medieval sources – only Choniates portrays her as a rebel.[41] Choniates' history is from around 1204, almost a hundred years after Alexios I's death.[10] Instead, most of the sources question whether John II Komnenos' behavior at his father's deathbed was appropriate.[42]

The plots were discovered and Anna forfeited her estates.[1] After her husband's death, she entered the convent of Kecharitomene, which had been founded by her mother. She remained there until her death.[43]

Historian and intellectual

Main article: Byzantine Aristotelianism

In the seclusion of the monastery, Anna dedicated her time to studying philosophy and history. She held esteemed intellectual gatherings, including those dedicated to Aristotelian studies.[44] Anna's intellectual genius and breadth of knowledge is evident in her few works. Among other things, she was conversant with philosophy, literature, grammar, theology, astronomy, and medicine. It can be assumed because of minor errors that she may have quoted Homer and the Bible from memory when writing her most celebrated work, the Alexiad. Her contemporaries, like the metropolitan Bishop of Ephesus, Georgios Tornikes, regarded Anna as a person who had reached "the highest summit of wisdom, both secular and divine."

The Alexiad

Anna wrote the Alexiad in the mid-1140s or 1150s.[11] Anna cited her husband's unfinished work as the reason why she began the Alexiad.[45] Before his death in 1137, her husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, was working on a history, which was supposed to record the events before and during the reign of Alexios I.[45] His death left the history unfinished after recording the events of the reign of Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates.[45] Ruth Macrides argues that while Bryennios' writing may have been a source of inspiration for the Alexiad, it is incorrect to suggest that the Alexiad was Bryennios' work edited by Anna (as Howard-Johnston has argued on tenuous grounds).[46]

In what is considered to be a sort-of statement on how she gathered her sources for the Alexiad, Anna wrote, "My material ... has been gathered from insignificant writings, absolutely devoid of literary pretensions, and from old soldiers who were serving in the army at the time that my father seized the Roman sceptre ... I based the truth of my history on them by examining their narratives and comparing them with what I had written, and what they told me with what I had often heard, from my father in particular and from my uncles … From all these materials the whole fabric of my history – my true history – has been woven".[47] Beyond just eyewitness accounts from veterans or her male family members, scholars have also noted that Anna used the imperial archives, which allowed her access to official documents.[48]

In the Alexiad, Anna provided insight on political relations and wars between Alexios I and the West. She vividly described weaponry, tactics, and battles. It has been noted that she was writing about events that occurred when she was a child, so these are not eye-witness accounts. Her neutrality is compromised by the fact that she was writing to praise her father and denigrate his successors. Despite her unabashed partiality, her account of the First Crusade is of great value to history because it is the only Byzantine eyewitness account available. She had the opportunity to gather information from key figures in the Byzantine elite; her husband, Nikephorus Bryennios, had fought in the clash with crusade leader Godfrey of Bouillon outside Constantinople on Maundy Thursday 1097; and her uncle, George Palaeologus, was present at Pelekanon in June 1097 when Alexios I discussed future strategy with the crusaders. Thus, the Alexiad allows the events of the First Crusade to be seen from the Byzantine elite's perspective. It conveys the alarm felt at the scale of the western European forces proceeding through the Empire, and the dangers they might have posed to the safety of Constantinople. Anna also identified for the first time, the Vlachs from Balkans with Dacians, in Alexiad (Chapter XIV), describing their places around Haemus mountains: "...on either side of its slopes dwell many very wealthy tribes, the Dacians and the Thracians on the northern side, and on the southern, more Thracians and the Macedonians". Special suspicion was reserved for crusading leader Bohemond of Taranto, a southern Italian Norman who, under the leadership of his father Robert Guiscard, had invaded Byzantine territory in the Balkans in 1081.

The Alexiad was written in Attic Greek,[49] and the literary style is fashioned after Thucydides, Polybius, and Xenophon.[50] Consequently, it exhibits a struggle for an Atticism characteristic of the period, whereby the resulting language is highly artificial.[50] Peter Frankopan argues that the lapses in some of the chronology of events can in part be attributed to errors in, or lack of, source material for those events.[51] Anna herself also addressed these lapses, explaining them as a result of memory loss and old age.[52] But regardless of errors in chronology, her history meets the standards of her time.[53]

Moreover, the Alexiad sheds light on Anna's emotional turmoil, including her grief over the deaths of her father, mother, and husband, among other things. At the end of the Alexiad, Anna wrote "But living I died a thousand deaths … Yet I am more grief-stricken than [Niobe]: after my misfortunes, great and terrible as they are, I am still alive – to experience yet more … Let this be the end of my history, then, lest as I write of these sad events I become even more resentful."[54]

Depictions in fiction and other media

  • Anna Komnene plays a secondary role in Sir Walter Scott's 1832 novel Count Robert of Paris.
  • Fictional accounts of her life are given in the 1928 novel Anna Comnena by Naomi Mitchison, and the 1999 novel for young people Anna of Byzantium by Tracy Barrett.
  • She appears prominently in the first volume of the trilogy The Crusaders by the Polish novelist Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, written in 1935.
  • A novel written in 2008 by the Albanian writer Ben Blushi called Living on an Island also mentions her.
  • The novel Аз, Анна Комнина (Az, Anna Komnina, in English: I, Anna Comnena) was written by Vera Mutafchieva, a Bulgarian writer and historian.[55]
  • She is also a minor character in Nan Hawthorne's novel of the Crusade of 1101, Beloved Pilgrim (2011).
  • Anna appears in Medieval 2: Total War as a Byzantine princess, under the name Anna Comnenus.
  • In Julia Kristeva's 2006 murder mystery Murder in Byzantium, Anna Komnene is the focus of the villain's scholarly and amorous fantasy of the past. The novel includes considerable detail on Anna Komnene's life, work, and historical context.
  • In Harry Turtledove's Videssos cycle of novels the character Alypia Gavra is a fictionalized version of Anna Komnene.
  • In the board game Nations, Anna Komnene is an adviser in the Medieval Age.

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e EB (1878).
  2. ^ Kazhdan 2005, "Komnene, Anna."
  3. ^ a b c d e f Hanawalt 1982, p. 303.
  4. ^ a b Larmour 2004, p. 204.
  5. ^ a b Neville 2016, p. 2.
  6. ^ a b Laiou 2000, p. 3.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Smythe 2006, p. 126.
  8. ^ a b c Neville 2016, p. 3.
  9. ^ Larmour 2004, pp. 203–205.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Hill 2000, p. 47.
  11. ^ a b c Neville 2016, p. 5.
  12. ^ Laiou 2000, pp. 11–12.
  13. ^ Smythe 2006, p. 130.
  14. ^ Frankopan 2009, p. 479.
  15. ^ Frankopan 2009, p. 536.
  16. ^ a b Komnene 2009, p. 3.
  17. ^ a b Comnena 2001, p. 152.
  18. ^ Garland and Rapp 2006, p. 115.
  19. ^ a b Garland and Rapp 2006, p. 110.
  20. ^ Hanawalt 1982, p. 303; Neville 2016, p. 2.
  21. ^ Garland and Rapp 2006, p. 108.
  22. ^ Garland & Rapp 2006, p. 108.
  23. ^ Gouma-Peterson 2000, p. 109.
  24. ^ Gouma-Peterson 2000, p. 118.
  25. ^ Choniates 1984, p. 8.
  26. ^ Connor 2004, p. 255.
  27. ^ Laiou 2000, p. 4; referenced from Kurtz, Ed. "Unedierte Texte aus der Zeit des Kaisers Johannes Komnenos." Byzantinische Zeitschrift 16 (1907): 69–119.
  28. ^ Browning 1990, pp. 404–405.
  29. ^ Windsor, Laura Lynn (2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-57607-392-6.
  30. ^ Jongh 1953, quoted in Smythe 2006, p. 126.
  31. ^ a b Neville 2016, p. 4.
  32. ^ Choniates 1984, p. 5.
  33. ^ Hill 2000, p. 46.
  34. ^ Choniates 1984, p. 6.
  35. ^ Smythe 2006, p. 127.
  36. ^ Smythe 1997, p. 241.
  37. ^ Komnene 1969, p. 197.
  38. ^ Stankovíc 2007, p. 174.
  39. ^ a b c d Jarratt 2008, p. 308.
  40. ^ Smythe 2006, p. 125.
  41. ^ a b Neville 2016, p. 111.
  42. ^ Neville 2016, p. 112.
  43. ^ Jarratt 2008, p. 305.
  44. ^ Browning 1990, pp. 397–399.
  45. ^ a b c Komnene 2009. Prologue, section 3, p. 5.
  46. ^ Macrides 2000, p. 70.
  47. ^ Komnene 2009. Book XIV, section 7, p. 422.
  48. ^ Neville 2016, p. 78.
  49. ^ Dalven, Rae (1972). Anna Comnena. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. p. 155.
  50. ^ a b EB (1911).
  51. ^ Frankopan 2002, p. 63.
  52. ^ Komnene 2009, Book V, section 9, p. 151.
  53. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia
  54. ^ Komnene 2009, Book XV, section 11, pp. 472–473.
  55. ^ (Retrieved August 2010)

References

Primary sources

  • Magoulias, Harry J., ed. (1984). O City of Byzantium. Annals of Niketas Choniates. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1764-2.
  • Anna Comnena (2001). Dawes, Elizabeth A., ed. "The Alexiad." The Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 22 April 2018.
  • Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, translated by E.R.A. Sewter, ed. Peter Frankopan, (New York: Penguin, 2009)
  • Georgios Tornikes, 'An unpublished funeral oration on Anna Comnena', English translation by Robert Browning, in Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence, ed. R. Sorabji (New York: Cornell University Press, 1990)

Secondary sources

  • Connor, Carolyn R. (2004). Women of Byzantium. Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Dalven, Rae (1972). Anna Comnena. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
  • Frankopan, Peter (2002). "Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the Alexiad, and the First Crusade". In Edgington, Susan B.; Lambert, Sarah (eds.). Gendering the Crusades. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (2000). "Gender and Power: Passages to the Maternal in Anna Komnene's Alexiad". In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (ed.). Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 107–125. ISBN 0-8153-3645-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Hanawalt, Emily Albu (1982). "Anna Komnene". In Strayer, Joseph R. ed. The Dictionary of the Middle Ages. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 303–304. ISBN 0684167603
  • Hill, Barbara (2000). "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Anna Komnene's Attempted Usurpation". In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (ed.). Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 45–62. ISBN 0-8153-3645-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Lynda Garland & Stephen Rapp, "Maria 'of Alania': Woman & Empress Between Two Worlds," Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience, ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). ISBN 978-0754657378
  • Kahzdan, Alexander (1991). "Komnene, Anna". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1142. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
  • Laiou, Angeliki (2000). "Introduction: Why Anna Komnene?". In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (ed.). Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 1–14. ISBN 0-8153-3645-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Larmour, David (2004). Margolis, Nadia; Wilson, Katherina M., eds. "Comnene, Anna". Women in the Middle Ages: an encyclopedia. 1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 203–205. ISBN 0313330174.
  • Macrides, Ruth (2000). "The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the Alexiad?". In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (ed.). Anna Komnene and Her Times. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 63–82. ISBN 0-8153-3645-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Neville, Leonora (2016). Anna Komnene: the life and work of a medieval historian. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190498177.
  • Reinsch, Diether R. (2000). "Women's Literature in Byzantium? – The Case of Anna Komnene". In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia (ed.). Anna Komnene and Her Times. Translated by Thomas Dunlap. New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 83–106. ISBN 0-8153-3645-4. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Smythe, Dion C. (1997). "Outsiders by taxis perceptions of non-conformity eleventh and twelfth-century literature". Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik. 24: 229–249.
  • Smythe, Dion C. (2006). "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad". In Garland, Lynda (ed.). Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 125–139. ISBN 978-0-7546-5737-8. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), "Anna Comnena" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 59–60
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Anna Comnena" , Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 59
  • Shahan, Thomas Joseph (1913). "Anna Comnena" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  • Varzos, Konstantinos (1984). Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών [The Genealogy of the Komnenoi] (PDF) (in Greek). Vol. A. Thessaloniki: Centre for Byzantine Studies, University of Thessaloniki. OCLC 834784634.
  • Wittek-De Jongh, Suzanne (1953). "Le César Nicéphore Bryennios, l'historien, et ses ascendants". Byzantion. 23: 463–468.

Novel

I, Anna Komnene is both a modern and a classic novel, steeped in classical feminism of the era.

Further reading

  • Georgina Buckler, Anna Comnena: A Study, Oxford University Press, 1929. ISBN 0-19-821471-5
  • John France, "Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade", Reading Medieval Studies v. 9 (1983)
  • Ed. Kurtz, 'Unedierte Texte aus der Zeit des Kaisers Johannes Komnenos, in Byzantinische Zeitschrift 16 (1907): 69–119 (Greek text of Anna Comnene's testament).
  • Jonathan Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades, Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014. ISBN 978-1-78093-767-0
  • Levin, Carole, et al. Extraordinary Women of the Medieval and Renaissance World. Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
  • Ellen Quandahl and Susan C. Jarratt, "'To recall him…will be a subject of lamentation': Anna Comnene as rhetorical historiographer" in Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric (2008): 301–335. JSTOR 10.1525/rh.2008.26.3.301
  • Vlada Stankovíc, "Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna Komnene and Konstantios Doukas. A Story of Different Perspectives," in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (2007): 174.
  • Paul Stephenson, "Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?", Journal of Medieval History v. 29 (2003)
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