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Severe Tropical Cyclone Hina
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone (Aus scale)
Category 1 tropical cyclone (SSHWS)
Cyclone Hina near its peak intensity
FormedMarch 11, 1997
DissipatedMarch 21, 1997
(Extratropical after March 19, 1997)
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 120 km/h (75 mph)
1-minute sustained: 140 km/h (85 mph)
Lowest pressure970 hPa (mbar); 28.64 inHg
Fatalities1 indirect
Damage$15.2 million (1997 USD)
Areas affectedTuvalu, Wallis and Futuna, Tonga
Part of the 1996–97 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Hina in March 1997 was the worst tropical cyclone to affect the South Pacific island nation of Tonga since Cyclone Isaac in 1982. The system was first noted within the monsoon trough on March 11, 1997, as a weak shallow depression within the vicinity of Rotuma. Over the next two days, the depression remained near Rotuma with no preferred movement, as it started to develop further within favorable conditions for further development. The system was subsequently named Hina on March 15, after it had started to move eastwards and had passed to the southeast of Niulakita, Tuvalu. During that day the system moved south-eastwards and impacted Wallis and Futuna, before it passed over Tonga's southern islands of Tongatapu and 'Eua during March 16. After impacting Tonga the system moved rapidly towards the south-southeast and weakened below tropical cyclone intensity, before it was last noted on March 21 about 1,500 km (930 mi) to the south of the Pitcairn Islands. During the systems post analysis it was determined that the warning centers had underestimated Hina's intensity as it passed over Tonga, after damage had been greater than expected in the island nation.

Within Tuvalu it was difficult to assess damage done by Hina alone, after Cyclone Gavin impacted the area a week earlier. Storm surge and strong winds from both cyclones caused a severe amount of coastal erosion on all of the country’s nine atolls, with about 6.7% of land washed into the sea. Hina caused no significant damage on Walls Island, while it caused some damage to crops and destroyed parts of the road on Futuna Island. As Hina affected Tonga, there were no casualties reported as the system affected the island nation, however, Vaiola Hospital reported that they had treated a number of patients for injuries that were caused during the systems aftermath. One indirect death was also reported, after a person suffering a heart attack while evacuating from his home. The cyclone left extensive damage to utilities and agriculture on Tongatapu, where trees were uprooted and more than 12,000 tonnes (26,000,000 lb) of fruit and food crops were destroyed, mostly to banana and coconut trees. After the cyclone the Tongan Government requested and received emergency aid, from the governments of several countries including France, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United Kingdom. This was after the government had provided T$5 million (US$3.97 million), or about 5% of its national budget to facilitate the immediate start of emergency relief and repairs to essential services.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During March 11, 1997, a shallow tropical depression developed within the monsoon trough near the Fijian Dependency: Rotuma.[1] Over the next two days the depression remained near Rotuma with no preferred movement, as it started to develop further in an area of minimal vertical wind shear and good upper air divergence.[1][2] During March 13, as the system moved northwards, the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) subsequently initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 33P.[3] During that day after having moved to the north, Hina curved to the east and later south-eastwards, before it passed about 55 km (35 mi) to the southeast of Niulakita the southernmost island of Tuvalu during March 14.[1] Early on March 15, after the system had passed near Niulakita, the depression developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and was named Hina by the Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS).[1] After being named the system accelerated towards the south-southeast and an area of increasing vertical wind shear, as it passed near the west coast of Futuna Island.[1] The system also crossed the 180th meridian during that day, which prompted the JTWC to pass the responsibility for warning the United States Government to the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (NPMOC).[4][5]

Early on March 16, as Hina passed over the southern islands of Tonga, the FMS reported that based on satellite imagery and guidance from other meteorological centers, the system had 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 85 km/h (55 mph).[1][6] Hina subsequently passed over the islands of Tongatapu and ʻEua in southern Tonga at around 08:30 UTC and took less than 2 hours to inflict considerable damage on the islands.[1][7] The system subsequently emerged back into the South Pacific Ocean, with the FMS estimating that the system had storm force winds of about 95 km/h (60 mph).[1] Later that day the NPMOC estimated that Hina had peak 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 110 km/h (70 mph) as it rapidly moved below 25°S and out of the FMS's area of responsibility.[1][8] Over the next few days the system continued to move towards the south-southeast and gradually weakened, before the NPMOC issued its final advisory during March 18, as the system was undergoing a transition to become an extratropical cyclone.[9] The system weakened below tropical cyclone intensity during the next day, before it was last noted by MetService on March 21, while it was located about 1,500 km (930 mi) to the south of the Pitcairn Islands.[7][10]

After an analysis of the observed data and the damage in Tonga, the FMS estimated that Hina's landfall intensity was underestimated.[1] The observed wind data suggested that the system had storm force sustained winds, but had peak gusts comparable to hurricane force.[1] Furthermore, the lowest pressure values also indicated that the winds had to be stronger than estimated, for it to fit known wind-pressure relationships.[1] It was subsequently deduced by the FMS that Hina was a minimal category 3 severe tropical cyclone, with peak 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 120 km/h (75 mph) when it crossed the Tonga island of Tongatapu at around 08:30 UTC (21:30 UTC+13).[1] The NPMOC also revised their estimate of Hina's peak 1-minute sustained wind speeds from 110 km/h (70 mph) to 140 km/h (85 mph) during post analysis, which made the system equivalent to a category one hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[8][11][12]

Preparations and impact

Cyclone Hina caused over US$15.2 million worth of damage and was indirectly responsible for one death as it affected Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna and Tonga.[1] The system's worst impact was reported on the Tongatapu and 'Eua, which are the southernmost islands of the Kingdom of Tonga.[1] Due to the impact of this storm, the name Hina was retired from the tropical cyclone naming lists.[13]

Tuvalu

On March 12, the FMS issued gale warnings for the southern islands of Tuvalu and a tropical cyclone alert for the rest of the archipelago.[1] The gale warning was subsequently extended out to cover the whole of the archipelago during the next day, after marginal squally gale-force winds were observed to the north of the monsoon trough in association with the system.[1] Over the next two days the warning was kept in force while Tuvalu experienced strong to gale-force winds because of a convergence zone located over the islands and Hina which passed about 55 km (35 mi) to the southeast of Niulakita, Tuvalu.[1] Cyclone Hina was the second of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996-97 cyclone season, after Cyclone Gavin had severely damaged the islands a weak earlier and Cyclone Keli affected the islands during June 1997.[14][15]

Cyclone Gavin and Hina's waves, storm surge and strong winds both caused a severe amount of coastal erosion on all of the country’s nine atolls with about 6.7% of the land washed into the sea.[16] Both cyclones caused severe coastal erosion and destruction to food crops, mostly to the southern islands of Niulakita and Nukulaelae, while damage in northern and central islands was confined mostly to houses.[14] A damage assessment team noted that it was difficult to assess damage done by Hina alone and estimated the total damage from both cyclones at US$2.23 million (AU$2.14 million).[nb 1][14] It was later estimated after Cyclone Keli had affected the islands between June 12–16, 1996, that the three cyclones had been responsible for about 50 hectares (120 acres) of land disappearing into the sea.[18] Rehabilitation costs from all three cyclones, amounted to US$653,100 (AU$1 million).[nb 1][19]

Wallis and Futuna

Wettest tropical cyclones and their remnants in Wallis and Futuna
Highest-known totals
Precipitation Storm Location Ref.
Rank mm in
1 674.9 26.57 Raja 1986 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
2 556.7 21.92 Fran 1992 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
3 291.2 11.46 Val 1975 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
4 220.6 8.69 Hina 1997 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
5 186.0 7.32 Evan 2012 Futuna Island [20]
6 180.0 7.09 Val 1980 Maopoopo, Futuna Island [20]
7 171.6 6.76 Keli 1997 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]
8 160.8 6.33 Unnamed 1966 Malaetoli, Wallis Island [20]
9 160.0 6.30 Amos 2016 Hihifo, Wallis Island [21]
10 119.0 4.69 Waka 2001 Hihifo, Wallis Island [20]

As the system developed into a tropical cyclone during March 14, gale warnings were issued for the French territory of Wallis and Futuna.[1] The system at this time was located about 220 km (135 mi) to the northwest of Futuna Island and subsequently accelerated, towards the south-southeast and passed near the island during the next day.[1] Cyclone Hina was the second of four tropical cyclones to affect Wallis and Futuna in a ten-month period, after Cyclone Gavin had severely damaged food crops ten days earlier and Cyclones Keli and Ron affected the islands during June 1997 and January 1998.[14][20] During March 15 as Hina affected the islands, winds of 76 km/h (47 mph) and 115 km/h (71 mph) were recorded at Hihifo on Wallis and Maopoopo on Futuna respectively.[20] Rainfall totals of 220.6 millimetres (8.69 in) and 182.5 mm (7.19 in) were also recorded at Maopoopo and in Point Vele respectively.[20] Hina caused no significant damage on Walls Island, while it caused some damage to the remaining crops and destroyed parts of the road on Futuna Island.[1]

Tonga

Hina was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tonga during a ten-month period, with Cyclones Keli and Ron affecting the island nation during June 1997 and January 1998.[22] Late on March 15, ahead of the system affecting Tonga, gale warnings were issued for the Southern Tongan island groups of Haʻapai, Tongatapu and Vavaʻu.[1] During the next day, Hina took less than two hours to inflict considerable damage on the Tongan islands and became the worst tropical cyclone to affect Tonga since Cyclone Isaac during 1982.[7] The two worst-affected Tongan islands were Tongatapu and 'Eua after major damages were reported on both islands.[1] As the system impacted Tonga, the FMS received several reports of one or more tornadoes occurring in Tonga; however, during a post-disaster survey no evidence was found to prove or disprove this claim.[6] It was noted that several of the badly damaged houses had little or no cyclone protection while over 600 people were left homeless.[1][6][7] Damages were greater than had been expected, with an estimated damage total of about T$18.2 million Tongan Pa'anga (US$15.2 million) reported.[1][23] A post disaster survey attributed the greater damages to higher than expected wind gusts caused by either a low level squall or a jet streak.[1][6] There were no casualties reported as the system affected the island nation, however, Vaiola Hospital reported that they had treated a number of patients for injuries that were caused during the system's aftermath.[1][24][25] One indirect death was also reported, after a sea captain suffered a heart attack while evacuating from his home.[1][24] Within the islands severe damage to power lines and telecommunication systems was reported.[26] The system affected the islands after the lowest tide for the day, as a result sea damage was minimal, though some evidence of salt damage to taro plantations was observed.[6]

On the main island of Tongatapu, extensive damages to utilities, vegetation and agriculture in places, with more than 12,000 tonnes (26,000,000 lb) of fruit and food crops including banana trees and coconut palms destroyed.[1][6][25] Some of the coconut palms were snapped, which suggested that wind gusts of between 165–185 km/h (105–115 mph) had been experienced on the island.[6] Within Nukuʻalofa the capital city of Tonga, there was not a lot of structural damage reported; however, the villages to the east of the capital were severely affected.[26] The roof and grand stand of Teufaiva Stadium was blown off, while the Parliament house, government buildings and schools were severely damaged.[24] The MV Lofa was driven by fierce winds onto Mounu Reef in Nuku'alofa Harbour.[24] The Electric and Water boards sustained over T$2.9 million in damage to its infrastructure, with power lines brought down throughout Tongatapu which caused a complete blackout during March 16.[25][27] Some of the uprooted trees knocked down power lines, sometimes causing a domino effect of bringing down additional power poles.[25] As a result of the electric problems, there was a lack of electrical power to power pumps, with the water supply becoming intermittent.[25] On 'Eua Island, Hina was estimated to have caused greater damage then Cyclone Isaac had done fifteen years previously, after the island was completely devastated by the system.[24] The Tongan Government estimated that damage to the wharfs on Lifuka and Foa islands would cost over T$10,000 to repair, while the land bridge between the two islands was closed after Hina's winds and waves swept boulders on to the bridge.[25]

During the system's aftermath, insurance companies flew in people to assess the damage, while agricultural authorities on Tongatapu and 'Eua advised landowners to plant fast maturing produce such as sweet potatoes.[28][29] The Tongan Government provided T$5 million (US$3.97 million) or about 5% of its national budget to facilitate the immediate start of emergency relief and repairs to essential services.[30] Tents were supplied by the National Disaster Committee and Ministry of Works to act as temporary shelters for those who were homeless after the system.[29] By March 19, the Tonga Electric Power Board had restored electricity to several consumers including major government buildings and the Nuku'alofa Business District.[25] However, several consumers were expected to be without electric until at least June 1997.[29] On March 25, the Acting Prime Minister of Tonga convened a meeting of donors, where an official request for international assistance was presented.[30] At the meeting donors were requested to review existing of proposed bilateral programs, to see if they can be adjusted or brought forward to cater for the repairs or rebuilding of schools and other government buildings.[30] The New Zealand Government deployed to Tonga, four electricity line mechanics, a fully equipped truck, along with various supplies including tarpaulins, blankets and electric.[30] New Zealand also offered grants off up to NZ$120,000 to replace village water tanks, and NZ$7,000 towards the clean-up costs.[27]

The Government of the United Kingdom granted T$60,000 (GB£30,000, US$48,000) for ten emergency generators, while the Chinese Government pledged T$36,000 (US$30,000).[30][31][32] The French government provided a cargo plane, to conduct a damage survey of the affected areas and US$100,000 for tents, tarpaulins and blankets and two diesel generators.[31][32] The Japanese Government provided tents, plastic sheets and other emergency aid materials to the value of T$59,000.[27][31][32] Australia provided T$320,000 for temporary roof repairs and equipment to restore electricity supplies in both Tongatapu and 'Eua.[27] Grants between T$22,000 and T$24,000 were pledged by Germany, Norway and the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs respectively.[27] By early September 1997, the reconstruction of primary school buildings damaged by the cyclone had been completed after the Tongan Government funded the project.[33] New accommodation for primary school teachers in the Ha'apai islands and the Niuas was also completed after the Australian and New Zealand Governments funded the projects.[33] MMI insurance provided the Tonga Amateur Sports Association with T$384,272 to cover damages to the Teufaiva Grand Stand.[34]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b This damage total was originally reported in Australian Dollars and was converted to USD via the Oanda Corporation website.[17]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Prasad, Vikash R; RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (March 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Hina: March 13 - 16, 1997 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report: 96/8). Fiji Meteorological Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 4, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  2. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert March 12, 1997 14z". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 12, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  3. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) Warning 1; March 13, 1997 09z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. United States Navy, United States Air Force. March 13, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  4. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) Warning 5; March 15, 1997 09z". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. March 15, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  5. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) Warning 6; March 13, 1997 21z". Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. March 15, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Report of Mission to Tonga — April 3-4, 1997 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  7. ^ a b c d Hanstrum, Barry N; Reader, Grahame; Bate Peter W (September 3, 1999). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1996–97" (PDF). Australian Meteorological Magazine. 48 (3). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 4, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  8. ^ a b "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) Warning 8; March 16, 1997 21z". Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. March 16, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  9. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) Warning 12; March 18, 1997 21z". Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center. March 18, 1997. Archived from the original on August 5, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  10. ^ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.[permanent dead link‍]
  11. ^ Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center (1998). 4. Summary of South Pacific and South Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones (PDF) (Annual Tropical Cyclone Report: 1997). United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. pp. 132 – 142 (179 – 189). Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  12. ^ "Tropical Cyclone 33P (Hina) best track analysis". United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived from the original on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  13. ^ RA V Tropical Cyclone Committee (2024). Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-East Indian Ocean and the Southern Pacific Ocean 2024 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved October 14, 2024.
  14. ^ a b c d Kersemakers, Mark; RSMC Nadi — Tropical Cyclone Centre (April 4, 1998). Tropical Cyclone Gavin: March 2 — 11, 1997 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report 96/7). Fiji Meteorological Service. pp. 1–11, 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 13, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  15. ^ The Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (September 2011). "Country Risk Profile: Tuvalu" (PDF). South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  16. ^ McKenzie, Emily; Prasad, Biman; Kaloumaira, Atu (April 2005). Tool One: Guidelines for estimating the economic impact of natural disasters (PDF). USP Solutions, University of the South Pacific, South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (Economic Impact of Natural Disasters on Development in the Pacific: Volume 2: Economic Assessment Tools). The Australian Agency for International Development. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 6, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  17. ^ "Historical Exchange Rates". Oanda Corporation. 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2013.
  18. ^ Barkham, Patrick. "That Sinking Feeling". Sunday Herald Sun. p. Sunday Magazine; Z14. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  19. ^ Country Report: Tuvalu (PDF). ENSO Impact on Water Resources Workshop October 19–23, 1999 Nadi, Fiji. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 30, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes De 1880 à nos jours" [Wallis and Futuna Cyclone Passes From 1880 to the present day] (in French). Meteo France New Caledonia. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
  21. ^ "Cyclone Amos: les Samoa ravagées" [Cyclone Amos: ravaged Samoa]. Meteo (in French). Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  22. ^ A report on the list of the tropical cyclones that has affected at least a part of Tonga from 1960 to Present (PDF) (Report). Tonga Meteorological Service. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  23. ^ Country Report: Pacific Islands: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. The Unit. 1997.
  24. ^ a b c d e "Cyclone Hina blows through Tonga". Island Snapshot. March 27, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g "Cyclone Hina Strikes Tonga". Island Snapshot. March 19, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  26. ^ a b Cyclone Hina Situation Report Number 1 (Report). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. March 5, 1997. Archived from the original on November 9, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014. Alt URL
  27. ^ a b c d e "Cyclone Aid continues to pour in". Island Snapshot. April 10, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  28. ^ "Country Report: Pacific Islands: Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Western Samoa". Economist Intelligence Unit. 1997: 58. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  29. ^ a b c "T$18million preliminary damage estimate, Cyclone Hina". Island Snapshot. March 27, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  30. ^ a b c d e Cyclone Hina Situation Report Number 2 (Report). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. March 25, 1997. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014. Alt URL
  31. ^ a b c "In the wake of Cyclone Hina, is Cyclone Aid". Island Snapshot. April 3, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  32. ^ a b c OCHA-Geneva Contributions Report: Tonga - Cyclone 'Hina' - March 1997 (Report). April 14, 1999. Archived from the original on December 19, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2015.
  33. ^ a b "Reconstruction of Tongan Primary Schools Completed". Pacific Islands Report. Pacific Islands Development Program/Center for Pacific Islands Studies. September 9, 1997. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  34. ^ "Big Insurance Payout". Island Snapshot. August 30, 1997. Archived from the original on February 26, 2014. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
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