Vistulans
The Vistulans, or Vistulanians[1][2][3] (Polish: Wiślanie), were an early medieval Lechitic tribe inhabiting the western part of modern Lesser Poland.[4]
Etymology
Mentioned as Uuislane by Bavarian Geographer, v Vislè and v Vislèh in the Pannonian Legend, and Visleland by Alfred the Great in the 9th century, their name derives from the hydronym of the river Vistula, meaning "inhabitants of Vistula".[5][6]
Identification
Even though some historians, such as Przemysław Urbanczyk, claim that the Vistulans did not exist, there are three documents from the 9th century which can be tied to this tribe. First is the so-called Pannonian Legend (The Life of St. Methodius), second is the Bavarian Geographer, and third is Alfred the Great's Germania.[5] Scholars consider that the Vistulans could also have been mentioned in the Old English and Nordic epic poems. The verse in Old English poem Widsith (10th century):
| Wulfhere sohte ic ond Wyrmhere; ful oft þær wig ne alæg, | I visited Wulfhere and Wyrmhere; there battle often raged, |
| þonne Hræda here heardum sweordum, | when the Hræda with their sharp swords, |
| ymb Wistlawudu wergan sceoldon | in the Vistula woods/wooden hills had to defend |
| ealdne eþelstol Ætlan leodum. | their ancestral seat against Attila's host. |
It is considered that parts of the epic poem could be dated to the 6th century. The syntagma ymb Wistlawudu has seen different translations by the scholars depending on the consideration whether Wistla is a borrowing from a German, Latin, or Slavic language. As such *Wīstle could be identified with the people, while Wistlawudu interpreted as "by the Vistulan woods" or "by the Vistulan wooden hills" (Beskids and Western Carpathians). However, the Hræda which is genitive plural of *Hraede, gives further insight to the meaning and age of the poem. Although it is usually related with the Goths from the same poem (Hred-Gotum, Hreth-Gotan, Hreidhgotar),[5] this verse is similar to the one in Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks (13th century), where prior the battle between Goths and Huns, Heidrek died in Harvaða fjöllum (Carpathian Mountains) which is sometimes translated as "beneath the mountains of Harvathi", considered somewhere beneath Carpathian Mountains near river Dnieper.[5][7] Lewicki argued that Anglo-Saxons, as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats Horithi, often distorted foreign Slavic names and it wasn't uncommon that the same Slavic tribe was known by different names, in this case, Vistulans being another name for the White Croats.[5] Other scholars like Henryk Łowmiański also argued that the Vistulans, and Lendians, were tribes of White Croats.[7][8] Based on Lubor Niederle's thesis that the Vistulans are remnants of the once strong alliance of Croatian tribes which fell apart after the migration of the Croats to the Western Balkans in the 7th century, Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński additionally noted that the name of Vistulans was only known among Western Slavs and Germans, while in the East among Byzantine and Arabian sources for the same territory was kept the old traditional name of Croats.[9] Such an interpretation of the poem argues that instead of 5th century events in which is evident archaic presentation of personalities were instead intended 6th century events contemporaneous to Lombards king Alboin and Myrging bard, when the Pannonian Avars led by Bayan I (Attila's people) expanded between 568 and 595 into Pannonian Basin and along with it their influence northward on the Slavs (Vistulans, Croats) in Upper Vistula valley, seen in Avarian archaeological remains up to Gniezno in central-western Poland.[5]
History
Little is known about early history of the Vistulans. Their territory might have been conquered by Greater Moravia, though no conclusive evidence exists to prove this theory. According to archaeological findings, in the late 9th century several gords in southern Lesser Poland were destroyed. This might have been during the conquest of the Vistulans by Great Moravia, but it might have been the result of a conflict between the Vistulans and other tribes, like the Golensizi. In the 950s, the land of the Vistulans was probably conquered by Czech Duke Boleslaus I, which is confirmed by Abraham ben Jacob, whose work was used by Muslim geographer al-Bakri in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms.
It is not known when and how the land of the Vistulans joined into the state of the Polans. Archaeological research has not found any evidence of armed conflicts between the Polans and the Vistulans. Most likely, Bolesław I the Brave, future king of Poland, was named the ruler of Kraków by his grandfather, Boleslaus I. After the death of his father Mieszko I of Poland (992), Chrobry united Kraków with Poland, with the consent of the Vistulan ruling class.
So far historians have not been able to name any Vistulan dukes. Furthermore, little is known about their religious rituals and the date of baptism of the tribe.
Territory
The area inhabited by the Vistulans probably ranged from the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains in the south, to the sources of the Pilica and Warta in the north. In the east, it reached the Dunajec, and in the west, the Skawa. The first Slavic gords were not built here until the mid 8th century, which means that the Vistulans probably frequently migrated, changing locations.
Since the 8th century, the Vistulans began construction of spacious gords, whose areas frequently reached over 10 hectares. Most gords were ring-shaped, and located on hills. Among major ones were the gords at Kraków, Stradów, Demblin, Naszczowice, Podegrodzie, Stawy, Trzcinica, Wiślica and on Bocheniec hill in Jadowniki. Most probably, the capital of the Vistulans was located in Kraków, which is confirmed by the size of the local gord, together with a fortified stronghold, located on the Wawel hill. Furthermore, the Vistulans probably built several mounds, such as the Krakus Mound, but historians argue whether these are of earlier, Celtic origin.
In the 9th century, they created a tribal state, with probable major centers in Kraków, Wiślica, Sandomierz, and Stradów. Probably around 874 they were subjugated by king Svatopluk I of Moravia, who was a contemporary of the emperor Arnulf, and the Vistulan duke was forced to accept baptism. After a later period of Czech domination, the Vistulan lands became controlled by the Polans in the late tenth century, and were incorporated into Poland.
See also
References
- ^ Brzechczyn, Krzysztof (2009), Idealization XIII: Modeling in History. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 9789042028319.
- ^ Davies, Norman (2003), God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253395 .
- ^ Topolski, Jerzy (1976), Methodology of History.Warsaw: PWN – Polish Scientific Publishers in Jaakko Hintikka, Synthese Library. Boston: D.Reidel Publishing Company. ISBN 978-94-010-1125-9
- ^ "The main tribe inhabiting the reaches of the Upper Vistula and its tributaries was the Vislane (Wislanie) who, by the mid-ninth century were considered by the neighbouring Moravians as "very powerful" The expansionist policy of the Christian Moravian state led to eventual conflict with the pogan Vislane. ending in the defeat of the latter and their annexation to the Great Moravian Empire between Ad 875-879" . [in:] Trade and urban development in Poland: an economic geography of Cracow. Francis W. Carter. P. 46. 1994 op. cit. L. Hajdukiewicz and M. Karaś. The Jagiellonian University: Traditions, The Present, The Future. Cracow. 1978, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e f Lewicki, Tadeusz (2006) [1951]. "Najstarije spominjanje Višljana u izvorima (Najdawniejsza wzmianka źródłowa o Wiślanach)" [The earliest mention of the Vistulans in sources]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 86–99. ISBN 953-7029-04-2.
- ^ Łuczyński, Michal (2017). "„Geograf Bawarski" — nowe odczytania" ["Bavarian Geographer" — New readings]. Polonica (in Polish). XXXVII (37): 81. doi:10.17651/POLON.37.9. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ a b Łowmiański, Henryk (2004) [1964]. Nosić, Milan (ed.). Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) [Croatian ancient homeland] (in Croatian). Translated by Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara. Maveda. p. 30–31, 51, 57–60, 94, 125–126. OCLC 831099194.
- ^ *Majorov, Aleksandr Vjačeslavovič (2012), Velika Hrvatska: etnogeneza i rana povijest Slavena prikarpatskoga područja [Great Croatia: ethnogenesis and early history of Slavs in the Carpathian area] (in Croatian), Zagreb, Samobor: Brethren of the Croatian Dragon, Meridijani, pp. 51–52, 56, 59, ISBN 978-953-6928-26-2
- ^ Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1951). "Zagadnienie Chorwatów nadwiślańskich" [The problem of Vistula Croats]. Pamiętnik Słowiański (in Polish). 2: 17–32.