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Akutan, Alaska

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Akutan
City
Akutan is located in Alaska
Akutan
Akutan
Location in Alaska
Akutan is located in North America
Akutan
Akutan
Akutan (North America)
Coordinates: 54°7′57″N 165°46′30″W / 54.13250°N 165.77500°W / 54.13250; -165.77500
CountryUnited States
StateAlaska
BoroughAleutians East
Incorporated1979[1]
Government
 • MayorJoe Bereskin[2]
 • State senatorLyman Hoffman (D-C)[3]
 • State rep.Bryce Edgmon (I)
Area
[4]
 • Total
147.91 sq mi (383.07 km2)
 • Land65.97 sq mi (170.87 km2)
 • Water81.93 sq mi (212.20 km2)
Elevation
98 ft (30 m)
Population
 (2010)[5]
 • Total
1,027
 • Estimate 
(2019)[6]
1,041
 • Density15.78/sq mi (6.09/km2)
Time zoneUTC-9 (Alaska (AKST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-8 (AKDT)
ZIP code
99553
Area code907
FIPS code02-01090
GNIS feature ID1418123
Websitewww.commerce.alaska.gov/dcra/DCRAExternal/community/Details/e569dafa-a01c-4f00-92c2-b27d9ee32ea8

Akutan (ACK-oo-tan) (Template:Lang-ale[7]) is a city on Akutan Island in the Aleutians East Borough of the Aleutian Islands in Alaska, United States. The population was 1,027 at the 2010 census, up from 713 in 2000. Akutan Harbor is adjacent.

Geography

Akutan is located at 54°7′57″N 165°46′30″W / 54.13250°N 165.77500°W / 54.13250; -165.77500. Akutan is located in the Aleutian Islands Recording District.

Akutan is located on Akutan Island in the eastern Aleutians, one of the Krenitzin Islands in the Fox Islands group. It is 35 miles (56 km) east of Unalaska, and 766 miles (1,233 km) southwest of Anchorage. Akutan lies in the maritime climate zone, resulting in mild winters and cool summers. Mean temperatures range from 22 to 55 °F (−6 to 13 °C), and precipitation averages 28 inches (710 mm) per year. High winds and storms are frequent in the winter, and fog is common in the summer.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 18.9 square miles (49 km2), of which, 14.0 square miles (36 km2) of it is land and 4.9 square miles (13 km2) of it (25.69%) is water.

History and culture

Akutan began in 1878 as a fur storage and trading port for the Western Fur & Trading Company. The company's agent established a commercial cod fishing and processing business that quickly attracted nearby Unangan to the community. A Russian Orthodox church and a school were built in 1878, but was replaced by the St. Alexander Nevsky Chapel, built in 1918.

The Pacific Whaling Company built a whale processing station across the bay from Akutan in 1912. It was the only whaling station in the Aleutians, and operated until 1939.

St. Alexander Nevsky Chapel

After the Japanese attacked Unalaska in June 1942, the U.S. government evacuated Akutan residents to the Ketchikan area. In June 1942, a Japanese A6M Zero fighter piloted by Tadayoshi Koga crashed on Akutan Island. It was recovered in July by the United States Army Air Force. This plane, dubbed the Akutan Zero, significantly aided American tacticians in devising dog fighting techniques to defeat the Zero, and helped change the course of the war.

The village was re-established in 1944, although many villagers chose not to return. This exposure to the outside world brought many changes to the traditional lifestyle and attitudes of the community. The City was incorporated in 1979.

A federally recognized tribe is located in the community—the Native Village of Akutan. The population of the community consists of 16.4% Alaska Native or part Native. Akutan is a fishing community, and is the site of a traditional Unangan village. Approximately 75 persons are year-round residents; the majority of the population are transient fish processing workers that live in group quarters.

  • Whaling station along the harbor at Akutan ca. 1915
    Whaling station along the harbor at Akutan ca. 1915
  • Whaler Unimak in Akutan Harbor, 1914. An American Pacific Sea Products Co. vessel
    Whaler Unimak in Akutan Harbor, 1914. An American Pacific Sea Products Co. vessel
  • Men standing by dead whale at Akutan Harbor whaling station, 1914
    Men standing by dead whale at Akutan Harbor whaling station, 1914
  • Flensing whales at Akutan, ca. 1915
    Flensing whales at Akutan, ca. 1915

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
188065—
18908023.1%
192066—
1930717.6%
19408012.7%
1950867.5%
196010724.4%
1970101−5.6%
198016967.3%
1990589248.5%
200071321.1%
20101,02744.0%
2019 (est.)1,041[6]1.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]

Akutan first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as an unincorporated Aleut village. It reported 65 residents, of which 63 were Aleut and 2 were White.[9] In 1890, it reported 80 residents, of which 71 were Native, 6 were Creole (Mixed Russian & Native) and 3 were White.[10] It did not appear again until the 1920 census.[11] It formally incorporated in 1979. Beginning in 1990, it reported an Asian plurality of residents.[12] It is one of only three communities in Alaska as of 2010 to have either an Asian plurality (Kodiak) or majority (Adak).[13]

As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 713 people, 34 households, and 17 families residing in the city. The population density was 50.8 people per square mile (19.6/km2). There were 38 housing units at an average density of 2.7 per square mile (1.0/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 23.56% White, 2.10% Black or African American, 15.71% Native American, 38.57% Asian, 0.28% Pacific Islander, 18.23% from other races, and 1.54% from two or more races. 20.76% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 34 households out of which 20.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.4% were married couples living together, 14.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.1% were non-families. 38.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 3.1% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 48.2% from 25 to 44, 36.2% from 45 to 64, and 1.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 334.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 342.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $33,750, and the median income for a family was $43,125. Males had a median income of $13,988 versus $23,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,258. None of the families and 45.5% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 40.0% of those over 64.

During the 2000 U.S. Census, total housing units numbered 38, and vacant housing units numbered 4. It showed 97 residents as employed. The unemployment rate at that time was 83.89 percent, although 84.84 percent of all adults were not in the work force.

Public services

Water is supplied by a local stream and dam, originally constructed in 1927. Water is treated and piped into all homes. Funds have been requested to develop two new water catchment dams, and construct a new 125,000-gal. water storage tank and treatment plant. Sewage is piped to a community septic tank, with effluent discharge through an ocean outfall. Refuse is collected three times a week; a new landfill site and incinerator were recently completed. The City recycles aluminum. Trident Seafoods operates its own water, sewer and electric facilities. Electricity is provided by Akutan Electric Utility.

There is one school located in the community, Akutan School of the Aleutians East Borough School District (AEBSD),[15] attended by 18 students.[citation needed] Circa October 1978 the school, then a part of the Aleutian Region School District, had a single teacher,[16] and 12 students.[17]

Local hospitals or health clinics include Anesia Kudrin Memorial Clinic (907-698-2208). Anesia Kudrin Memorial Clinic is a Primary Health Care facility. Eastern Aleutian Tribes Inc. operates the Anesia Kudrin clinic as part of its health care system. The clinic is a qualified Emergency Care Center. Akutan is classified as an isolated town/Sub-Regional Center, it is found in EMS Region 2H in the Aleutian/Pribilof Region. Emergency Services have coastal and helicopter access. Emergency service is provided by volunteers and a health aide. There is a physician assistant certified at the Anesia Kudrin clinic, and for much of the year there a physician assistant or nurse practitioner at the processing plant's occupational medicine/urgent care clinic. Auxiliary health care is provided by Akutan First Responders (907-698-2208/2315); or by flight to Unalaska or Anchorage.

Transportation is provided by seaplane, by private or fleet fishing vessels, and the State Ferry makes monthly visits in summer weather.

A Grumman Goose operated by Pen Air at Akutan

Economy

Commercial fish processing dominates Akutan's cash-based economy, and not many locals are seasonally employed. Trident Seafoods operates a large processing plant west of the City for cod, crab, pollock and fish meal. The population of Akutan can quadruple or quintuple during processing months. Seven residents hold commercial fishing permits, primarily for halibut and other groundfish. Subsistence foods include seal, salmon, herring, halibut, clams, wild cattle, and game birds.

Taxes

Sales: None, Property: None, Special: 1% Raw Fish Tax (City); 2% Raw Fish Tax (Borough)

Transportation

Boats and amphibious aircraft, hovercraft, or helicopter are the only means of transportation into and out of Akutan. A 200-foot (61 m) dock and a small boat mooring basin are available. Plans are underway to develop a practical way to get to a large boat harbor that has been built at the head of the bay. The State Ferry operates from Kodiak bi-monthly between May and October. Cargo is delivered weekly by freighter from Seattle; the City owns and operates a landing craft, the M/V Akutan. Akutan has no airstrip due to the steep terrain, however, a seaplane base is available and open to the public. Helicopter service between Akutan and Akun Island, the location of Akutan Airport, began in February 2014. The only airline company serving the airport is Grant Aviation, flying to nearby Dutch Harbor. The airport was expected to cost $77 million of which nearly $60 million came from the U.S. federal government. Trident paid $1 million towards the cost of the airport.[18]

References

  1. ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 19.
  2. ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 24.
  3. ^ "Senator Lyman Hoffman". Alaska Senate Majority. Alaskasenate.org. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
  4. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  5. ^ "2010 City Population and Housing Occupancy Status". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2012.[dead link‍]
  6. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  7. ^ Bergsland, K. (1994). Aleut Dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  8. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  9. ^ http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1880a_v1-17.pdf
  10. ^ http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1890a_v8-01.pdf
  11. ^ https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/41084484v1ch5.pdf
  12. ^ https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/cp-1/cp-1-3.pdf
  13. ^ https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-1-3.pdf
  14. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  15. ^ "Schools Archived 2017-02-20 at the Wayback Machine." Aleutians East Borough School District. Retrieved on February 20, 2017.
  16. ^ Aleutian Islands, Aleutian Peninsula Debris Removal: Environmental Impact Statement. United States Army Corps of Engineers, 1980. p. 58.
  17. ^ Aleutian Islands, Aleutian Peninsula Debris Removal: Environmental Impact Statement. United States Army Corps of Engineers, 1980. p. 59.
  18. ^ Alaska's 'airport to nowhere', CNN, Gary Tuchman, October 7, 2011
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