Boreopteridae

Boreopterids Temporal range: Early Cretaceous,
Skeletal diagram of Zhenyuanopterus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Order:	†Pterosauria
Suborder:	†Pterodactyloidea
Clade:	†Ornithocheiromorpha
Clade:	†Lanceodontia
Clade:	†Ornithocheiriformes
Family:	†Boreopteridae Lü et al., 2006
Type species
†Boreopterus cuiae Lü & Ji, 2005
Genera
†Boreopterus †Zhenyuanopterus

Boreopteridae (meaning "northern wings") is a group of pterodactyloid pterosaurs from the Aptian-age Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning, China.

Classification

In 2006, Lü Junchang and colleagues named the clade Boreopteridae for the clade containing the common ancestor of Boreopterus and Feilongus and all its descendants, which the authors reclassified as close relatives of the ornithocheirids. (Feilongus had originally been considered a gallodactylid). Many possible boreopterids were subsequently described, one possible example being Aetodactylus, which has been claimed to be similar to Boreopterus. Originally considered close relatives of the ornithocheirids, many of these supposed boreopterids have been found to belong to other groups of the pterodactyloid lineage. In 2012, a phylogenetic analysis by Lü et al. divided the Boreopteridae into two subfamilies: Boreopterinae, comprising Boreopterus and Zhenyuanopterus, and Moganopterinae, comprising Feilongus and Moganopterus. However, in 2013, Andres & Myers found both Boreopterus and Feilongus to be closely related to Cycnorhamphus, making them members of the Gallodactylidae as had been originally thought when Feilongus was discovered. A subsequent analysis including the other supposed boreopterids found that Boreopterus itself, and therefore the name Boreopteridae, was indeed a member of the ornithocheiroid clade, but that Feilongus was in fact a ctenochasmatoid closely related to Gnathosaurus. The true boreopterid clade was found to contain Boreopterus, Guidraco, and Zhenyuanopterus by Andres and colleagues in 2014, and was then found to contain just Boreopterus and Zhenyuanopterus by Wu and colleagues in 2017, a subsequently followed classification by recent studies.

Phylogeny

The Boreopteridae was included in an analysis by Brian Andres and colleagues in 2014, where it was placed in a basal position within the Anhangueria. However, a topology recovered by Nicholas Longrich and colleagues in 2018 placed the family Boreopteridae as the sister taxon of the family Lonchodectidae, while also placed outside the Anhangueria.

Topology 1: Andres et al. (2014).

Anhangueria	Boreopteridae Guidraco Boreopterinae Boreopterus Zhenyuanopterus Cearadactylus Brasileodactylus Ludodactylus Ornithocheirae Anhangueridae Ornithocheiridae

Topology 2: Longrich et al. (2018).

Ornithocheiromorpha	Hongshanopterus Lonchodectidae Lonchodraco Lonchodectes Boreopteridae Boreopterus Zhenyuanopterus  Lanceodontia  Istiodactylidae Aetodactylus Cimoliopterus Anhangueria

Palaeoecology

The known taxa come from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning, which represented a lake system, suggesting that these animals occurred in freshwater habitats. They are thought to have foraged while swimming, trapping prey with their needle-like teeth; this method of fishing was probably analogous to that of Platanista dolphins, which share a similar dentition.