Vitebsk
Vitebsk | |
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City | |
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 Flag  Coat of arms | |
  Vitebsk Location of Vitebsk in Belarus  Vitebsk Vitebsk (Europe) | |
| Coordinates: 55°11′30″N 30°12′20″E / 55.19167°N 30.20556°E | |
| Country |  Belarus |
| Voblast | Vitebsk Region |
| Founded | 947 |
| Government | |
| • Chairman | Viktor Pavlovich Nikolaykin |
| Area | |
• City | 124.54 km2 (48.09 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 172 m (564 ft) |
| Population (2015) | |
| • Urban | 366,299 |
| [1] | |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (FET) |
| Postal code | 210000 |
| Area code | +375-212 |
| License plate | 2 |
| Website | Official website |
Vitebsk, or Viciebsk[2] (Template:Lang-be, Łacinka: Viciebsk, pronounced [ˈvʲitsʲepsk]; Template:Lang-ru, pronounced [ˈvʲitʲɪpsk]), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base.
History
Before 1945
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Vitebsk developed from a river harbor where the Vićba River (Віцьба, from which it derives its name) flows into the larger Western Dvina, which is spanned in the city by the Kirov Bridge.
Archaeological research indicates that Baltic tribes had settlements at the mouth of Vitba. In the 9th century, Slavic settlements of the tribal union of the Krivichs replaced them. According to the Chronicle of Michael Brigandine (1760), Princess Olga of Kiev founded Vitebsk (also recorded as Dbesk, Vidbesk, Videbsk, Vitepesk, or Vicibesk) in 974. Other versions give 947 or 914. Academician Boris Rybakov and historian Leonid Alekseyev have come to the conclusion, based on the chronicles, that Princess Olga of Kiev could have established Vitebsk in 947. Leonid Alekseyev suggested that the chroniclers, when transferring the date from the account of the Byzantine era (since the creation of the world) to a new era, obtained the year 947, later mistakenly written in copying manuscripts as 974. An important place on trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, Vitebsk became by the end of the 12th century a center of trade and commerce, and the center of an independent principality, following Polotsk, and at times, Smolensk and Kiev princes.
The official year of the founding of Vitebsk is 974, based on an anachronistic legend of founding by Olga of Kiev, but the first mention in historical records dates from 1021, when Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev gave it to Bryachislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Polotsk.[3]
In the 12th and 13th centuries Vitebsk functioned as the capital of the Principality of Vitebsk, an appanage principality which thrived at the crossroads of the river routes between the Baltic and Black seas. In 1320 the city was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as dowry of the Princess Maria, the first wife of Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas. By 1351 the city had erected a stone Upper and Lower Castle, the prince's palace. In 1410 Vitebsk participated in the Battle of Grunwald. In 1569 it became a part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1597 the townsfolk of Vitebsk were privileged with Magdeburg rights. However, the rights were taken away in 1623 after the citizens revolted against the imposed Union of Brest and killed Archbishop Josaphat Kuntsevych of Polotsk. The city was almost completely destroyed in 1708, during the Great Northern War. In the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Russian Empire annexed Vitebsk.
Under the Russian Empire the historic centre of Vitebsk was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style.
Before World War II Vitebsk had a significant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 65,900, Jews constituted 34,400 (around 52% percent).[4] The most famous of its Jewish natives was the painter Marc Chagall (1887-1985).
In 1919 Vitebsk was proclaimed to be part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (January to February 1919), but was soon transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (February to July 1919). In 1924 it was returned to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
During World War II the city came under Nazi German occupation (11 July 1941 – 26 June 1944). Much of the old city was destroyed in the ensuing battles between the Germans and Red Army soldiers. Most of the local Jews perished in the Vitebsk Ghetto massacre of October 1941. The Soviets recaptured the city during the 1944 Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive.
Post-war period
In the first postwar five-year period the city was rebuilt. Its industrial complex covered machinery, light industry, and machine tools.
In 1959 a TV tower was commissioned and started broadcasting the 1st Central Television program. In the same year, during excavations on Liberation Square, a birch-bark scroll was found dating from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. It read:[citation needed]
From Stpana to Nezhilovi. Also, if hast sold trousers, buy me rye for 6 hryvnia. And if some didst not sold, send to my person. And if thou hast sold, do good to buy rye for me
Independence of Belarus
In January 1991 Vitebsk celebrated the first Marc Chagall Festival. In June 1992, a monument to Chagall was erected on his native Pokrovskaja Street and a memorial inscription was placed on the wall of his house.
Since 1992 Vitebsk has been hosting the annual Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, an international art festival. The main participants are artists from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, with guests from many other countries, both Slavic and non-Slavic. In 1999 a free economic zone "Vitebsk" was established. The city built the Ice Sports Palace, and there was a remarkable improvement and expansion in the city. The central stadium was reconstructed and the Summer Amphitheatre for the international art festival, the Slavic Bazaar, the railway station and other historical sites and facilities were restored, and a number of new churches and other public facilities were built, together with the construction of new residential areas.
Attractions
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The city has one of the oldest buildings in the country: the Annunciation Church. This magnificent six-pillared building dates back to the period of Kievan Rus since the city at the time was pagan and didn't belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church or the Russian Orthodox Church or the Kievan Rus state. It was constructed in the 1140s as a pagan church, rebuilt in the 14th and 17th centuries as Roman Catholic Church, repaired in 1883 and destroyed by the Communist administration in 1961. The church was in ruins until 1992, when it was restored to its presumed original appearance.[5]
Churches from the Polish-Lithuanian period were likewise destroyed, although the Resurrection Church (1772–77) has been rebuilt. The Orthodox cathedral, dedicated to the Intercession of the Theotokos, was erected in 1760. There are also the town hall (1775); the Russian governor's palace, where Napoleon celebrated his 43rd birthday in 1812; the Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic cathedral (1884–85); and an obelisk commemorating the centenary of the Russian victory over Napoleon.
Vitebsk is also home to a lattice steel TV tower carrying a horizontal cross on which the antenna mast is guyed. This tower, which is nearly identical to that at Grodno, but a few metres shorter (245 metres in Vitebsk versus 254 metres at Grodno) was completed in 1983. The city is also home to the Marc Chagall Museum and the Vitebsk regional museum.
Geography
Climate
Vitebsk has warm summer humid continental climate, Köppen: Dfb. Summers are generally warm, while winters are relatively cold but still warmer than in Moscow. Approximately 724 mm of precipitation falls here per annum.
| Climate data for Vitebsk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
10.9 (51.6) |
19.1 (66.4) |
28.5 (83.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
32.2 (90.0) |
34.7 (94.5) |
37.8 (100.0) |
30.1 (86.2) |
24.6 (76.3) |
15.0 (59.0) |
10.7 (51.3) |
37.8 (100.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
2.9 (37.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
18.5 (65.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.2 (72.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
6.8 (44.2) |
13.1 (55.6) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.6 (52.9) |
6.1 (43.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.7 (18.1) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
2.5 (36.5) |
7.9 (46.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.3 (54.1) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
2.5 (36.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −36.1 (−33.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−27.8 (−18.0) |
−13.9 (7.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−24.0 (−11.2) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51 (2.0) |
45 (1.8) |
46 (1.8) |
36 (1.4) |
57 (2.2) |
86 (3.4) |
82 (3.2) |
83 (3.3) |
66 (2.6) |
62 (2.4) |
55 (2.2) |
55 (2.2) |
724 (28.5) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 17 | 17 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 14 | 10 | 157 |
| Average snowy days | 23 | 21 | 14 | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3 | 13 | 22 | 101 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 81 | 76 | 67 | 66 | 72 | 73 | 75 | 80 | 83 | 87 | 87 | 78 |
| Source: Pogoda.ru.net[6] | |||||||||||||
Education
The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, Vitebsk State Medical University and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.
Sport
HK Vitebsk of the Belarusian Extraleague is the local pro hockey team.
Notable people
- Zhores Alferov (1930-2019), physicist, 2000 Nobel Prize Winner for Physics
- S. Ansky (1863–1920), playwright, The Dybbuk
- Vladimir Bourmeister (1904–1971), ballet choreographer
- Marc Chagall (1887–1985), artist
- Max Danish (1881–1964), U.S. labor journalist with ILGWU
- Sam Dolgoff (1902–1990), anarcho-syndicalist housepainter
- Tanya Dziahileva (1991-), model
- Alexandra Holub (1986-), painter and poet
- Leon Gaspard (1882–1964), artist
- Joseph Günzburg (1812–1878), Russian financier and philanthropist
- Isser Harel (1912–2003), Israel intelligence chief
- Lazar Khidekel (1904–1986), artist, architect
- Lev Khidekel (1909—1977), architect
- Leon Kobrin (1873–1946), playwright
- Marcelo Koc (1918–2006), Argentinian composer
- Sergei Kornilenko (1983-), footballer
- Lazar Lagin (1903–1979), writer
- El Lissitzky (1890–1941), artist
- Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (1730?–1788), Hasidic Rebbe
- Anna Missuna (1868–1922), geologist
- Yehuda Pen (1854–1937), artist
- Kazimierz Siemienowicz (1600–1651), engineer, pioneer of rocketry
- Ivan Sollertinsky (1902-1944), polymath, critic, and musicologist
- Joseph Solman (1909–2008), American painter
- Simeon Strunsky (1879–1948), author in New York City
- Immanuel Velikovsky (1895–1979), psychiatrist/psychoanalyst and author
- Alexander Vvedensky (1889–1946), one of the leaders of the Living Church movement
Website
The website of the city of Vitebsk www.gorod212.by[7], a news portal.
Sources
- Shishanov V. A. (2007). Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art: history of creation and collection. 1918–1941. Minsk: Medisont. p. 144. In Russian. eastview.com
- Любезный мне город Витебск…. Мемуары и документы. Конец XVIII — начало XIX в. / Вступ. ст., науч., коммент., сост., публ. В. А. Шишанова. Мн.: Асобны Дах, 2005. 40 с. [1]
- Шишанов В. 947 или 914? // Витебский проспект. 2005. №45. 10 нояб. С.3.
- Изобразительное искусство Витебска 1918 – 1923 гг. в местной периодической печати : библиограф. указ. и тексты публ. / сост. В. А. Шишанов. – Минск : Медисонт, 2010. – 264 с. [2]
Notes
- ^ "Belarus – The regions of the Republic of Belarus as well as all cities and urban settlements of more than 10,000 inhabitants". City Population. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^ official transliteration
- ^ History, Vitebsk Regional Executive Committee
- ^ Joshua D. Zimmerman (2004). Poles, Jews, and the politics of nationality. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-299-19464-7.
- ^ The Annunciation Church is a six-pillared building with one apse. It is built of hewn limestone quadras, each row being separated by two rows of brick, covered with a thin layer of stucco so as to emulate large blocks of stone. This technique was widespread in Byzantium; but there are only two examples north of Crimea — one in Vitebsk and another, unfinished and long ruined church in Navahrudak, probably by the same team of Byzantine builders. Another extraordinary feature of the church is that its bays are equal and the central nave is square in plan. The choir gallery occupies the western bay; it adjoins two secluded chapels over the lateral aisles. Stairs leading to the gallery are built into the western wall. russiancity.ru
- ^ "Weather and Climate- The Climate of Vitebsk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ "Сайт города Витебска – gorod212.by". www.gorod212.by. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
External links
- Encyclopedia of Vitebsk
- Cultural space — Vitebsk4.me(in Belarusian)
- Official web server(in Russian)
- Official site(in Russian)
- Population of Vitebsk by mother tongue in 1897
- The plan of Vitebsk 1904
- Official site of Vitebsk regional museum of local lore(in Russian)
- Vitsyebsk, Belarus at JewishGen
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