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Volcanism of Iceland

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The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17, 2014, and ended on February 27, 2015, is Bárðarbunga.
The volcano in Iceland that erupted in May 2011 is Grímsvötn.
Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland
Eruption column of Eyjafjallajökull in 2010
Eruptions at Holuhraun (Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system), 2014

The volcanoes of Iceland include a high concentration of active ones due to Iceland's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge, a divergent tectonic plate boundary, and its location over a hot spot. The island has 30 active volcanic systems, of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874.[1]

Of these 30 active volcanic systems, the most active/volatile is Grímsvötn.[2] Over the past 500 years, Iceland's volcanoes have erupted a third of the total global lava output.[3]

The most fatal volcanic eruption of Iceland's history was the so-called Skaftáreldar (fires of Skaftá) in 1783–84. The eruption was in the crater row Lakagígar (craters of Laki) southwest of Vatnajökull glacier. The craters are a part of a larger volcanic system with the subglacial Grímsvötn as a central volcano. Roughly a quarter of the Icelandic nation died because of the eruption. Most died not because of the lava flow or other direct effects of the eruption, but from indirect effects, including changes in climate and illnesses in livestock in the following years caused by the ash and poisonous gases from the eruption. The 1783 eruption in Lakagígar is thought to have erupted the largest quantity of lava from a single eruption in historic times.

The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ("glacier of Eyjafjöll") in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks; however this volcano is minor in Icelandic terms. In the past, eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruption of the larger volcano Katla, but after the 2010 eruption no signs of an imminent eruption of Katla were seen.[4]

The eruption in May 2011 at Grímsvötn under the Vatnajökull glacier sent thousands of tonnes of ash into the sky in a few days, raising concerns of a repeat of the travel chaos seen across northern Europe.

The craters of Grábrók

Eyjafjallajökull 2010

Main article: 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull

Though a relatively small eruption, the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was notable for causing enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over a period of six days in April 2010. About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers.[5]

Bárðarbunga 2014–2015

Main article: 2014–2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga

Bárðarbunga is a stratovolcano and is roughly 2,000 meters (roughly 6,560 feet) above sea level in central Iceland (64.63°N / -17.53°W).[6] This makes it the second highest mountain in Iceland.

The eruption series, Iceland's largest eruptions in 230 years[7] that started on August 17, 2014 and lasted for 180 days,[8] under the Bárðarbunga system started with an extremely heavy earthquake swarm followed by clusters of volcanic activity that went on for an extended period. This resulted in multiple lava fountain eruptions in Holuhraun.[9] Lava flow was between 250 and 350 cubic meters per second and came from a dyke over 40 km long.[10][11] An ice-filled subsidence bowl over 100 square kilometers in area and up to 65 meters deep formed as well.[12] There was very limited ash output from this eruption unlike numerous glacial eruptions which are common in Iceland. The primary concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland, depending on wind direction. The volcanic cloud was also transported toward Western Europe in September 2014.[13]

Structure of lava fields

Pahoehoe lava fields in Iceland

The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called helluhraun.[Islandsbok 1] It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass.

A lava field in Iceland

On the other hand, there is less flowing lava, ʻaʻā, on Iceland called apalhraun.[Islandsbok 1] The loose, broken, sharp, spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Thordarson, Th; Hoskuldsson, A (2008). "Postglacial Volcanism in Iceland" (PDF). Jökull. 58: 197–228.
  2. ^ Gudmundsson, Magnus Tumi; Larsen, G; Hoskuldsson, A; Gylfason, A.G. (2008). "Volcanic Hazards in Iceland". Jökull. 58: 251–268.
  3. ^ Waugh, David (2002). Geography: An Integrated Approach. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-17-444706-1.
  4. ^ Mark Sappenfield, "Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano is nothing to 'Angry Sister' Katla" Christian Science Monitor, April 18, 2010 (accessed 24 November 2010)
  5. ^ Bye, Bente Lilja (27 May 2011). "Volcanic eruptions: Science and Risk Management". Science 2.0. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  6. ^ "Bardarbunga". www.volcanodiscovery.com. Retrieved 2017-10-06.
  7. ^ Hudson, T. S.; White, R. S.; Greenfield, T.; Ágústsdóttir, T.; Brisbourne, A.; Green, R. G. (2017-09-16). "Deep crustal melt plumbing of Bárðarbunga volcano, Iceland" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (17): 2017GL074749. doi:10.1002/2017gl074749. ISSN 1944-8007.
  8. ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Jónsdóttir, Kristín; Hooper, Andrew; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G.; Cesca, Simone; Vogfjörd, Kristín S.; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn (2016-07-15). "Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow". Science. 353 (6296): aaf8988. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8988. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27418515.
  9. ^ "Ljós norðan jökuls: Töldu annað gos hafið". http://www.ruv.is/. RÚV. Retrieved 24 September 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  10. ^ See e.g. http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland:Bardarbunga 2014
  11. ^ See also Icelandic media RÚV: http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-still-strong Received Sept. 24, 2014
  12. ^ Gudmundsson, Magnús T.; Jónsdóttir, Kristín; Hooper, Andrew; Holohan, Eoghan P.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Ófeigsson, Benedikt G.; Cesca, Simone; Vogfjörd, Kristín S.; Sigmundsson, Freysteinn (2016-07-15). "Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano, Iceland, regulated by lateral magma outflow". Science. 353 (6296): aaf8988. doi:10.1126/science.aaf8988. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27418515.
  13. ^ Boichu, M.; Chiapello, I.; Brogniez, C.; Péré, J.-C.; Thieuleux, F.; Torres, B.; Blarel, L.; Mortier, A.; Podvin, T. (2016-08-31). "Current challenges in modelling far-range air pollution induced by the 2014–2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption (Iceland)". Atmos. Chem. Phys. 16 (17): 10831–10845. doi:10.5194/acp-16-10831-2016. ISSN 1680-7324.
  1. ^ a b Lidén, Eva (1994). "Geologi-så bildades Island". Kall ökensand och varma källor. En bok om Island (in Swedish). Båstad: Föreningen Natur och Samhälle i Norden. pp. 8–9. ISBN 978-91-85586-07-3.
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