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Actors of the Comédie-Française

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Coquettes qui pour voir
Actors of the Comédie-Française
ArtistJean-Antoine Watteau
YearBetween 1711 and 1718
See § Dating
CatalogueH 30; G 78; DV 36; R 107; HA 154; M 162; F B32; RM 118
Mediumoil on panel
Dimensions20 cm × 25 cm (7.9 in × 9.8 in)
LocationThe Hermitage, Saint Petersburg
AccessionГЭ-1131

Actors of the Comédie-Française[note 1] is an oil on panel painting in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, by the French Rococo artist Jean-Antoine Watteau (1684–1721). Completed in the 1710s, it forms a half-length group portrait, possibly the rarest case in Watteau's body of work, and has been given different interpretations by scholars, who believed it to be a depiction either of commedia dell'arte masks, members of the Comédie-Française or a family group. Because of that, the painting has been known under a number of various titles; its traditional naming in Western scholarship, Coquettes qui pour voir, is derived from anonymous verses which the painting was reproduced with in Jean de Jullienne's four-volume edition of prints after Watteau's works.

By the middle of the 18th century, Coquettes belonged to Louis Antoine Crozat, Baron de Thiers [fr], a nephew of the Parisian merchant and art collector Pierre Crozat; shortly after his death in 1770, the painting, along with a most part of the collection he owned, was acquired for Catherine II of Russia in 1772. Since then the painting was held among the Russian imperial family collections in the Hermitage and, after the 1850s, in the Gatchina Palace; in the 1920s, it was transferred to the Winter Palace, where it currently remains as part of the Hermitage Museum permanent exhibition.

Description

Composition

"…Watteau combines portraiture with a striking feeling for the picturesque. The rounded, resilient brushstrokes seem to have benn applied with the lightness of spontaneous improvisation, yet at the same time with a bold precision which only a mature master could command. The faces, showing fatigue, animation and faint anxiety, are illuminated by a mysterious theatrical light, the fantastic costumes shimmer with wine-pink tones against the black velvet of the masks. All this creates an impression of the natural unity of the imagined and the actual, a Hoffmannesque world where the characters’ reality in only enhanced by the strangeness of their surroundings."

—Mikhail German on Actors..., in a 1980 artbook Antoine Watteau.[13]

Actors ... is an oil on panel painting upholstered in wood, and measures approximately 20 by 25 cm.[14]

In the painting, Watteau depicts five figures in half-length, standing around a stone balustrade. To the right, an outwardly old man stands upon a stick and holds a mushroom hat, dressed in a skullcap. By the balustrade's other side, a young girl is shown in a light-colored striped dress with high standing collar, standing behind a black boy in green-striped clothes. Over the girl's shoulder, a man's head appears in a large motley beret. To the left side, a young woman turned to the right in profile, appears in a Polish-styled red dress and white chipper, leaning on the balustrade and holding a black mask in the right hand.[15]

Defects found on the panel include a restored crack to the right of the old man's cape; gaps in shadows, more importantly at the bottom edge and around the girl's head; chippings painted over the girl's left shoulder.[15] An X-ray analysis published by Soviet scholars in 1973 revealed changes in the composition showing that in the early stages the woman at the left was bareheaded, wore a different costume, and had placed her mask on the balustrade. The several differences between the painting and the engraving, notably in the coiffure of the central female figure, are considered relating to the state of the painting, which has been somewhat damaged and restored in the past.[16]


Identity of subjects

Until the middle of the 20th century, sources and studies on Watteau variously defined the work's subject. In notes to Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi's Abecedario pittorico, Pierre-Jean Mariette referred to the work as Coquettes qui pour voir galans au rendez vous (transl. "Coquettish women, who to meet gallant men go around..."), after the first verses of quatrains accompanying Thomassin's engraving for the Recueil Jullienne; Mariette thought the panel depicts "people in disguise for a ball, among whom is one dressed as an old man."[17] François-Bernard Lépicié refers to the composition as Retour de Bal in a 1741 obituary of Henri Simon Thomassin [fr], believing the figures to be returning from a ball;[18]: 569 [19] in contrary, Catalogue Crozat of 1755 and Dezallier d'Argenville fils described it as a depiction of masked figures preparing for a ball.[20][21]

Later sources, more prominently in France and Russia, similarly had various definitions on the subject: Johann Ernst von Munnich [ru] refers to the work as Personnages en masques (transl. "Characters in Masks") in the two-volume catalogue of the Hermitage collection;[22] the Hermitage's 1797 catalogue features the title The Mascarade,[23] whereas the 1859 inventory registry features only the work's description—"two women, talking with two men, and a negro beside them".[24][25] In his writings, Pierre Hédouin [fr] referred to the work as Le Rendez-vous du bal masqué,[26] before Edmond de Goncourt's Catalogue raisonné... introduced the Mariette-mentioned title into common use.[27]

In an 1896 article published in Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Gaston Schéfer presumed that Coquettes is probably composed out of portrait sketches and that the lady in red is the French actress Charlotte Desmares,[note 2] based on comparison of the composition with Lepicié's engraving of her portrait by Charles-Antoine Coypel;[30] Later in the early 1900s, French author Virgile Josz presumed the painting to be a depiction of commedia dell'arte masks, with the old man as Pantalone, the women as Rosaura and Isabella, and the young man as Scapino;[31] in later years, these points were adopted by a number of scholars[note 3] Josz's contemporary Louis de Fourcaud considered figures to be "a family group dressed for an elegant masquerade," painted after material from sketchbooks.[37]: 144 [38]

In her monograph on Watteau published in 1950, Hélène Adhémar identified the lady in red as Charlotte Desmares, similarly to Schéfer; Adhémar's point was furthered in Karl Parker and Jacques Mathey's 1957–1958 catalogue of Watteau drawings; they concluded that the old man could be another Comédie-Française player, Pierre Le Noir.[note 4] In the Soviet Union, the Hermitage staff member Inna Nemilova supported these points, and also concluded the young man to be Philippe Poisson.[40][41] In addition, Nemilova pointed out Desmares could be possibly depicted by Watteau in both versions of The Embarkation for Cythera, and also other canvas[note 5] and various drawings.[42]

Provenance

In an article published in the March 1928 issue of Gazette des Beaux-Arts, Russian scholar Sergei Ersnt [ru] reported that the painting has a label on the verso stating that Actors... were owned by the painter Nicolas Bailly [fr][note 6] (1659–1736), a curator of the royal collections who authored a 1709–1710 inventory of the paintings of King Louis XIV;[44] in 1984, Rosenberg said that he wasn't surprised about Ernst's report, given Bailly's relations within artistic circles.[note 7] The label has been deciphered as "N Bailly [prove]nant <…> de lonay aux gallery;" Nemilova noted that de Lonay was an expert mentioned by the Parisian merchant and art collector Pierre Crozat — once a patron of Watteau — in his last will and testament.[46][3]

Shortly after Bailly's death, Coquettes... came into possession of Louis Antoine Crozat, Baron de Thiers [fr], Pierre Crozat's nephew; it was present in the 1755 catalogue of Crozat de Thiers' collection,[20] and later in the 1771 inventory compiled by François Tronchin [fr] upon the collector's death.[47] In 1772, Crozat collection, with Coquettes being its part, was acquired by Catherine the Great, and was mostly transitioned into the Russian empress and her successors' collection in Saint Petersburg, now known as the Hermitage Museum. At some point in the mid-19th century, the panel was taken to the Gatchina Palace; it was present in the Oval Chamber, a personal room of Tsar Paul I in the palace's ground floor, where it was photographed in the early 1910's.[48] In 1920, Coquettes qui pour voir was restored to the Hermitage; currently it's on display in room 284, formerly the second room of military pictures in the Winter Palace.[49]

Authorship

Authenticity of the panel has never been seriously questioned until the early 20th century, when Russian scholar Nicolas Wrangel [ru] considered it a copy by Philippe Mercier, a prominent English follower of Watteau; in a letter to Ernst Heinrich Zimmermann [de], a German scholar who compiled an album and catalogue of Watteau's work, Wrangel pointed out that the blond actress lacks the coiffure seen in Thomassin's print, and there are also differences in the actor at the right.[43] On the Russian fellow's advice, Zimmermann chose to classify it among the "doubtful pictures".[50][51] In the early 1970s, the panel's authenticity was questioned in the four-volume survey edited by Jean Ferré that, based on Wrangel's doubts and inconsistency found in contemporary sources, included the work among "attributed to Watteau."[52][53] Later studies have ruled possible doubts out, given the work's condition as well as preparatory drawings and Thomassin's print; in the 1960s, Nemilova presumed Wrangel have been led to his conclusion because of the work's presence in the Gatchina Palace;[54] much later, Martin Eidelberg adds that Mercier could not paint with the same characteristics and artistic level Watteau had.[43]

Dating

Dating of the painting remains somewhat imprecise.[12] In 1950, Adhémar attributed the work to the period from Spring to Autumn of 1716.[55] In a 1957 book Great French Painting in the Hermitage, Charles Sterling[note 8] suggested a 1716–1717 dating, while in 1959, Jacques Mathey proposed a relatively early date of 1714.[57] Regarding aforementioned datings as too late, Nemilova dated Actors ... within a period of 1711–1712;[note 9] the Soviet scholar argued that the picture has similarities with another Watteau composition, Du bel âge...,[note 10] as it has characters depicted in half-length with compositional rhythm and visual features similar to these found on the Hermitage painting. In her dating, Nemilova also relied upon several other works attributed to the early 1710s by Adhémar and Mathey: La Conversation (now in the Toledo Museum of Art), The Dreamer, La Polonnoise, and Polish Woman; whereas the first of them notably has a depiction of a negro boy, the latter three presumably depict the same model that appears in Coquettes...; to Nemilova, the "Polish" dress of the model was the most important point for her dating, as Polish-styled costumes were fashionable in France during the early 1710s, some years after the Battle of Poltava.[64]

In later publications, a variety of dating is also given. In a 1968 catalogue raisonné, Ettore Montagni preferred 1717,[19] a dating also used by Donald Posner in 1984.[61] Others authors, such as Pierre Rosenberg,[65] Marianne Roland Michel,[note 11] and Mary Vidal,[67] proposed a 1714-1715 dating; Roland Michel objected Nemilova's dating as too early and not taking into account the psychological study of subjects.[note 11] In 2000, Helmut Börsch-Supan chose an even later dating to 1718,[68] and in 2002, Renaud Temperini proposed 1716–1717.[69]

Actors of the Comédie-Française was engraved in reverse for the Recueil Jullienne, a compilation of prints after Watteau's work published by his friend Jean de Jullienne in 1735, by Henri Simon Thomassin's [fr]. The print was cited in François-Bernard Lépicié's obituary notice for Thomassin that appeared in the March 1741 issue of the Mercure de France magazine.[18] Thomassin's print was mentioned by Pierre-Jean Mariette in Notes manuscrites, and served as a source to a number of pastiches. Mascarade (also spelled Masquerade), a mezzotint by French-born English printmaker John Simon, was mentioned by Charles Blanc[70] and John Chaloner Smith[71] in their respective studies, and was believed to be a repetition of Thomassin's print by some authors (notably including Dacier and Vuaflart[17]), given similarity in the number of characters. A Favourite Sultana (also called Preparation for the Masquerade), an oval format print depicting the turbaned woman at the right of Thomassin‘s engraving, was produced in London in 1785 by Italian-born artist Francesco Bartolozzi, and has the misleading declaration “Watteau pinxt." Another engraving of the composition, called La Comédie italienne, was produced by Félix-Jean Gauchard after Thomassin’s print, to accompany the entry on Watteau published in Charles Blanc’s Histoire des peintres des toutes les écoles. École français in 1862-63.[72]

Exhibition history

List of major exhibitions featuring the work
Year Title Location Cat. no. References
1908 Les anciennes écoles de peinture dans les palais et collections privées russes, by the Starye gody [ru] magazine Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts, Saint Petersburg 286 [32]: 729 [73]: 250 
1922–1925 Temporary exhibition of new acquisition from French painting of the 17th and 18th centuries Hermitage Museum, Petrograd (later Leningrad) * [35][74]
1955 An Exhibition of French Art of the 15th-20th Centuries Pushkin Museum, Moscow * [75]
1956 An Exhibition of French Art of the 12th-20th Centuries Hermitage Museum, Leningrad * [76]
1965 Chefs-d'oeuvre de la peinture française dans les musees de l'Ermitage et de Moscou Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 43 [77]: 611 
1965–1966 Chefs-d'oeuvre de la peinture française dans les musees de l'Ermitage et de Moscou Louvre, Paris 41 [78]: 614 
1972 Watteau and His Time Hermitage Museum, Leningrad 5 [79][10]: 734 
1980 Les arts du théâtre de Watteau à Fragonard Galerie des Beaux-Arts, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Bordeaux, Bordeaux 67 [12]
1984–1985 Watteau 1684–1721 National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris; Charlottenburg Palace, Berlin P. 29 [80]: 359 
General references: Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 313, Nemilova 1985, p. 445 harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFNemilova1985 (help), Eidelberg 2019.
"*" denotes an unnumbered entry.

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: «Актёры Французского театра»,[1] usually translated into English as Actors of the Comédie-Française;[2][3][4]: 431  a variant title with the hyphen omitted, Actors of the Comédie Française, is known as well.[5][6]
    Other Russian titles, based on identifications given by Inna Nemilova and her predecessors, are «Актёры Французской комедии»[7] and «Портрет французских актёров».[8]: 187  Related titles in English and French include Actors of the Théâtre Français,[9] The French Comedians,[10]: 734  The Comedians,[11] Acteurs de la Comédie-Française,[12] and Les comediens français.[2]
  2. ^ Christine Antoinette Charlotte Desmares (1682–1753) performed in the Comédie-Française from 1690 to 1721; at some point, she was a mistress of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. According to François Moureau's article "Watteau in His Time" published in the Watteau, 1684–1721 exhibition catalogue, Desmares "had numerous reasons for meeting Watteau."[28] Nemilova presumed that Watteau was introduced to Desmares by his friend, Mercure de France editor Antoine de Laroque.[29]
  3. ^ Virgile Josz’s description of Coquettes... had been adopted by a number of scholars, including the Russians Alexandre Benois,[32]: 729 [33] Valentin Miller,[34]: 58–59  and Sergei Ersnt [ru],[35]: 172–173  as well as the Hermitage Museum's 1958 catalogue of the painting collection.[36]
  4. ^ Pierre Le Noir (1657–1731) was a son of François Le Noir dit La Thorillière, a prominent actor associated with Molière’s company. He joined the royal troupe in 1671, first as a touring artist; in 1684, Le Noir became a sociétaire of the Comédie-Française. Le Noir, also known as La Thorillière like his father was, mostly performed a manteau roles.[39]
  5. ^ These include The Island of Cythera (The Embarkation’s preceding work, now in the Städel Museum in Frankfurt), The Dreamer (now in the Art Institute of Chicago), The Polish Woman (copy in the National Museum in Warsaw), and the lost La Polonnoise engraved by Michel Aubert [fr].
  6. ^ In Zolotov 1973, p. 138, translated as Zolotov 1985, p. 98, the owner was referred to as N. Bolz which, according to Eidelberg, may be an error in transcription from French to Russian.[43]
  7. ^ One of Bailly's sisters, Geneviève, had married the printmaker Simon Philippe Thomassin [fr], whose son Henri Simon later engraved Actors of the Comédie-Française. Another sister, Jeanne, was married to the architect Jean Sylvain Cartaud [fr], who designed Pierre Crozat's mansion in Paris on the Rue de Richelieu and owned a Watteau painting, The Enchanted Isle.[45]
  8. ^ "The group of actors, sometimes called Return from the Ball, probably painted about 1716-17, brings together people of different ages, each described with the penetration and the tenderness of a portrait, each with his simplest expression, his most natural gesture, his pink, red, or black skin, his invariably sensitive but also invariably vigorous hands, their flesh solid and warm."[56]
  9. ^ Claims of Nemilova's other or changed datings, notably claimed by Montagni[19] and in the 1980 exhibition catalogue,[12] are considered erroneous.[58]
  10. ^ Du bel âge…, also called Le Concert, is a presumably lost painting, believed to be a pendant to Les entretiens badins..., also presumed lost. These both were engraved separately by Jean Moyreau [fr] and Benoît Audran the Younger, respectively, and were published in the Recueil Jullienne, appearing on the same page. In February 1850, they have appeared on the market at the Caissotti sale; since then, their whereabouts are unknown.[59] Adhémar[60] and Posner[61] dated Du bel âge… ca. 1712, while Mathey[62] used a dating not earlier than 1704–1705; Montagni used a 1710 dating.[63]
  11. ^ a b "Inna Nemilova dated this work 1710–1712, which seems very early in view of the treatment of the figures and especially of the psychological perception evident in the faces, in which portraits of Mlle Desmares, of La Thorilliere and of other actresses have been seen; we are inclined to date it not earlier than 1714–1715. It is tempting to suggest that this might be a pendant to Du Bel âge où les jeux (Of the good age when games…, DV 94), which Camesasca takes to be a pendant to Entretiens badins (Playful Conversation, a lost work, D.-V. 95). The latter two works were printed on the same plate of the Recueil Jullienne, though this is not, as we shall see, sufficient proof itself. If a reason is needed for suggesting that Les Coquettes and Du Bel âge could be pendants we need only look at the compositions. Both show four half-length figures, three around a table, one standing; the mask held by the actress in the Hermitage painting is replaced in Du Bel âge by a score. However, we do not know the dimensions of the latter painting, though logic suggests they match those of Les Coquettes. And above all we do not know how the picture was painted. Were this hypothesis correct, it would imply a similar date, that is, around 1714–1715. But the absurdity of dating a print and of coupling two works as pendants when the dimensions of one of them are not known is immediately obvious."[66]

References

  1. ^ Nemilova 1985, p. 444. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFNemilova1985 (help)
  2. ^ a b Zolotov 1985, p. 98.
  3. ^ a b Deryabina, Ekaterina (1989). "Antoine Watteau, 1684–1721, Actors of the Comédie-Française". In The Hermitage, Leningrad (ed.). Western European Painting of the 13th to the 18th Centuries. Introduction by Tatyana Kustodieva. Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers. pp. 403–404. ISBN 5-7300-0066-9 – via the Internet Archive. Pl. 249–250{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ Eidelberg, Martin (Winter 2006). "Philippe Mercier as a Draftsman". Master Drawings. 44 (4): 411–449. JSTOR 20444473. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  5. ^ Jaques, Susan (2016). The Empress of Art: Catherine the Great and the Transformation of Russia. New York: Pegasus Books. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-60598-972-3. OCLC 945969675 – via the Internet Archive. From France came works by Poussin, Antoine Watteau (Actors of the Comedie Francaise), and Jean-Siméon Chardin (The Laundress).
  6. ^ Danielewicz, Iwona (2019). French Paintings from the 16th to 20th Century in the Collection of the National Museum in Warsaw. Complete Illustrated Catalogue Raisonné. Translated by Karolina Koriat, graphic design by Janusz Górski. Warsaw: The National Museum in Warsaw. pp. 346, 348. ISBN 978-83-7100-437-7. OCLC 1110653003. Catalogue note no. 279. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  7. ^ German 2010, p. 105.
  8. ^ Nemilova, I. S. "К вопросу о творческом процессе Антуана Ватто". In Libman, M. Y; et al. (eds.). Искусство Запада: Живопись. Скульптура. Архитектура. Театр. Музыка (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 181–195. OCLC 707104089.
  9. ^ Grigorieva, M., ed. (1980). Hermitage, Leningrad. Great Museums of the World. Introduction by Vitaly Suslov; texts by T. Arapova and others; translated into English by Daryl Hyslop and Miriam Atlas. New York: Newsweek. pp. 11, 105–106. OCLC 1035610777 – via the Internet Archive.
  10. ^ a b Cailleux, Jean (October 1972). "'Watteau and his times' at the Hermitage". The Burlington Magazine. 114 (835): 733–734. JSTOR 877114. [...] His theatre scenes, including the French Comedians (No. 5) are also the theatre of the Court.
  11. ^ Baldini, Umberto (1970) [first published in Italian in 1966]. The Hermitage, Leningrad. Great Galleries of the World. Translated from the Italian by James Brockway. New York: Newsweek. p. 109. OCLC 92662 – via the Internet Archive.
  12. ^ a b c d Les Arts du théâtre de Watteau à Fragonard (in French). Bordeaux: La Galerie. 1980. p. 110. OCLC 606308317.
  13. ^ German 1980, p. 8.
  14. ^ Nemilova 1964, p. 181; Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 311.
  15. ^ a b Nemilova 1964, p. 181.
  16. ^ Zolotov 1973, p. 138; Nemilova 1982, pp. 130–131; Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 312.
  17. ^ a b Dacier & Vuaflart 1922, p. 23.
  18. ^ a b Lépicié, F. B. (March 1741). "Lettre sur la mort de M. Thomassin". Mercure de France (in French). pp. 568–570 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ a b c Montagni 1968, p. 113, translated as Camesasca 1971, p. 115.
  20. ^ a b Catalogue des tableaux du cabinet de M. Crozat Baron de Thières á Paris (in French). Paris. 1755. p. 65 – via Google Books.
  21. ^ Dezallier d'Argenville, Antoine-Nicolas (1757) [1749]. Voyage Pictoresque de Paris (in French). Paris. p. 140 – via Google Books. Des personnages en masque se préparant pour le bal, par Watteau. Il y en a une estampe gravée par Thomassin.
  22. ^ Munnich, Johann Ersnt von (1773–1783). Catalogue raisonné des tableaux qui trouvent dans les Galeries et Cabinets du Palais Impérial à Saint-Pétersbourg (in French). Vol. 1. p. 274. Cat. no. 873.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  23. ^ Labensky, F. I., ed. (1797). Каталог картинам, хранящимся в Императорской Галерее Эрмитажа [Catalogue of Paintings housed in the Imperial Hermitage Gallery] (in Russian). Vol. 2. p. 55. Cat. no. 2545.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  24. ^ Опись картинам и плафонам, состоящим в заведывании II отделения Императорского Эрмитажа [Inventory of paintings and plafonds in the office of the Second Department of the Imperial Hermitage Museum] (in Russian). 1859. Cat. no. 1699{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  25. ^ Nemilova 1964, pp. 81, 181; Nemilova 1970, pp. 145–146; Nemilova 1989, p. 133.
  26. ^ Hédouin, P. (November 30, 1845). "Watteau: catalogue de son oeuvre". L'Artiste. pp. 78–80 – via Gallica. See also Hédouin 1856, p. 97, cat. no. 30{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  27. ^ Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, pp. 312–313; Eidelberg 2019: "Beginning with Edmond de Goncourt, it has become customary to assign the painting the awkward name of Coquettes qui pour voir, the opening words of the two quatrains that appears under the Thomassin engraving."
  28. ^ Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 477.
  29. ^ Nemilova 1970, p. 156; Nemilova 1989, p. 152.
  30. ^ Schéfer 1896, pp. 185–186: "Ce tableau des Coquettes n'est probablement fait que de portraits, de ces têtes d'etudes que Watteau crayonnait sur ses cahiers. Quels portraits? nous l'ignorons. Tout au plus hasarderons-nous quelque supposition vraisemblable sur cette jeune femme au nez retroussé, aux joues rebondies, que l'on voit à droit, coiffée d'un grand bonnet oriental et qui rappelle Mlle Desmares, de la Comédie Française. Assurément, ce n'est pas la Pèlerine dont Watteau a tracé la frête silhouette dans les "Figures de Mode"; cette figurine est si menue que l'on a peine à distinguer sa physionomie. Mais le grande portrait de Lepicié nous donne assez exactement le visage et les formes abondantes de la comédienne pour que notre hypothèse soit autorisée."
  31. ^ Josz 1903, pp. 329–330; Josz 1904, p. 146.
  32. ^ a b Benois, Alexandre (November–December 1908). "Живопись эпохи барокко и рококо" [Painting of the Age of Baroque and Rococo]. 1908: Выставка картин. Старые годы (in Russian). pp. 720–734 – via the Internet Archive.
  33. ^ Benois, Alexandre (1910). "La Peinture Française, Italienne et Anglaise aux xviie et xviiie siècles". In Weiner, P. P. [in Russian] (ed.). Les Anciennes écoles de peinture dans les palais et collections privées russes, représentées à l'exposition organisée à St.- Pétersbourg en 1909 par la revue d'art ancien "Staryé gody". Bruxelles: G. van Oest. pp. 105–119. OCLC 697960157 – via the Internet Archive. D'un tout autre genre est un petit tableau de Watteau connu dans la gravure sous le nom «Les Coquettes». Le coloris n'en est pas recherché, mais les characters d'Isabelle la rusée, du stupide Pantalon, de la gaie Rosaure et du fourbe Scapin sont rendus avec amour et une grande finessee.
  34. ^ Miller, V. (1923). "Французская живопись XVII-го и XVIII-го в.в. в новых залах Эрмитажа (L'art français du XVIII-ième et du XVIII-ième s.s. dans les nouvelles salles de l'Ermitage)" [“French Painting of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in the New Rooms of the Hermitage”]. Город: литература, искусство. Петербург: Графические мастерские Академического издательства. pp. 52–78. OCLC 32361994.
  35. ^ a b Ernst, Serge (March 1928). "L'exposition de peinture française des XVIIe et XVIIIe siecles au musée de l'Ermitage, a Petrograd (1922–1925)". Gazette des Beaux-Arts (in French). Vol. 17, no. 785. pp. 163–182. Retrieved March 29, 2019 – via Gallica.
  36. ^ Levinson-Lessing, V. F., ed. (1958). Государственный Эрмитаж. Отдел западноевропейского искусства: Каталог живописи [The State Hermitage Museum. The Department for Western European Art: Catalog of Paintings] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Leningrad, Moscow: Iskusstvo. p. 270.
  37. ^ Fourcaud, Louis de (February 1904). "Antoine Watteau: scenes et figures théatrales (I)". La Revue de l'art ancien et moderne (in French). Vol. 15, no. 83. pp. 135–150. Retrieved March 31, 2019 – via Gallica.
  38. ^ Nemilova 1964, pp. 81, 181; Nemilova 1970, pp. 145–147; Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 312; Nemilova 1989, p. 133.
  39. ^ Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 478; Nemilova 1989, p. 140.
  40. ^ Belova 2006, pp. 58–59.
  41. ^ Zolotov 1973, p. 139; Nemilova 1982, pp. 131–133; Nemilova 1989, pp. 137–138, 140, 142, 144, 146.
  42. ^ Nemilova 1964, pp. 86–87, 91.
  43. ^ a b c Eidelberg 2019.
  44. ^ Ernst 1928, pp. 172–173.
  45. ^ Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, pp. 311–312.
  46. ^ Nemilova 1985, pp. 444–445. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFNemilova1985 (help)
  47. ^ Stuffmann 1968, p. 135.
  48. ^ Marishkina, V. F. Фотограф Императорского Эрмитажа [Photographer of the Imperial Hermitage] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers. pp. 72–73. ISBN 978-5-93572-732-1. OCLC 1022848562.
  49. ^ Nemilova 1964, pp. 28–29, 182.
  50. ^ Zimmermann, E. Heinrich [in German] (1912). Watteau: des Meisters Werke in 182 Abbildungen. Klassiker der Kunst (in German). Vol. 21. Stuttgart, Leipzig: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. pp. 122, 190–191. OCLC 561124140. Grave par H. S. Thomassin fils (G. 78). Die Zeichnung des Bildes wirkt in der Reproduktion sehr flau. Baron Nikolaus Wrangel von der Ermitage in St. Petersburg war so liebenswürdig, mir mitzuteilen, daß er das Bild für eine Kopie von Mercier halte. Ich selbst konnte das Gemälde nicht untersuchen. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  51. ^ Ettinger, P. D. (1912). "Rossica". Apollon (in Russian). No. 7. pp. 61–62. See a facsimile copy at the Vyacheslav Ivanov Research Center archive. {{cite magazine}}: External link in |postscript= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  52. ^ Ferré, Jean, ed. (1972). Watteau. Vol. 1. Madrid: Éditions Athena. pp. 151–152.
  53. ^ Ferré, Jean, ed. (1972). Watteau. Vol. 3. Madrid: Éditions Athena. p. 966.
  54. ^ Nemilova 1964, pp. 28–29, 181; Nemilova 1982, p. 133; Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, pp. 311–312.
  55. ^ Adhémar 1950, p. 119, cat. no. 154, pl. 84.
  56. ^ Sterling 1958, p. 41.
  57. ^ Mathey, Jacques (1959). Antoine Watteau. Peintures réapparues inconnues ou négligées par les historiens (in French). Paris: F. de Nobele. p. 68.
  58. ^ Nemilova 1985, p. 445 sfnm error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFNemilova1985 (help); Zolotov 1985, p. 100.
  59. ^ Dacier & Vuaflart 1922, p. 45.
  60. ^ Adhémar 1950, p. 210, cat. no. 84, pl. 37.
  61. ^ a b Posner 1984, p. 290.
  62. ^ Mathey 1959, p. 66.
  63. ^ Montagni 1968, p. 98, translated as Camesasca 1971, p. 100.
  64. ^ Nemilova 1964, p. 182; Nemilova 1970, p. 156; Nemilova 1985, p. 445 sfnm error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFNemilova1985 (help).
  65. ^ Grasselli, Rosenberg & Parmantier 1984, p. 312.
  66. ^ Roland Michel 1984, p. 217.
  67. ^ Vidal, Mary (1992). Watteau's Painted Conversations: Art, Literature, and Talk in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century France. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. p. 146. ISBN 0-300-05480-7. OCLC 260176725. Ill. 142{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  68. ^ Börsch-Supan 2000, pp. 46–47.
  69. ^ Temperini 2002, p. 79, cat. no. 77.
  70. ^ Le Blanc, Charles (1854–1890). Manuel de l'amateur d'estampes (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: E. Bouillon. p. 521. OCLC 793563927 – via the Internet Archive. 190. Mascarade, cinq figures : Watteau. In-fol.
  71. ^ Smith, John Chaloner (1884). British Mezzotinto Portraits. Vol. 3. London: H. Sotheran. p. 1129. OCLC 679810041 – via the Internet Archive. 175. Masquerade. Watteau. Group of five figures, T. Q. L., lady in centre, holding out her dress, bust in grove in background to left. Under, Watteau Pinx. I. Simon fecit., 8 verses. In this small ——— Vertue lost. H. 14 ; Sub. 12 ⅝ ; W. 9 ⅞.
  72. ^ Dacier & Vuaflart 1922, p. 23; Eidelberg 2019.
  73. ^ Weiner, P. P. de [in Russian] (October 1908 – March 1909). "Portraits anciens à Saint-Pétersbourg (Exposition de)". L'Art et les artistes (in French). 8: 243–256 – via Gallica. Une autre oeuvre de lui, qui est remarquable, mais qui n'a pas la portée de la Sainte Famille, les Coquettes, fut jadis gravée par Thomassin et appartient également au palais de Gatchina.
  74. ^ Miller, V. F. (1923). "Французская живопись XVII-го и XVIII-го в.в. в новых залах Эрмитажа". Город (in Russian). No. 1. p. 59.
  75. ^ Antonova, I. A.; Berezina, V. N.; Borovaya, T. A.; et al. (1955). Выставка французского искусства XV-XX вв. Каталог (in Russian). With introduction by V. Prokofiev [ru]. Moscow: Iskusstvo. p. 24.
  76. ^ The Hermitage Museum, Leningrad (1956). Выставка французского искусства XII-XX вв. (1956; Ленинград). Каталог (in Russian). Moscow: Iskusstvo. p. 12.
  77. ^ Charensol, Georges (June 15, 1965). "Les musées de Russie a Bordeaux". Revue des Deux Mondes (in French): 607–613. JSTOR 44590025. De la maturité date Le Retour du Bal, où, pense-t-on, Watteau a groupé autour d'un négrillon, quatre acteurs du Théâtre Français.
  78. ^ Charensol, Georges (October 15, 1965). "L'Ermitage au Louvre". Revue des Deux Mondes (in French): 610–616. JSTOR 44591522. Une œuvre aussi médiocre n'avait certainement pas sa place à côté du Retour du Bal qui fut reproduit en gravure sous le titre Coquettes qui pour voir galants au Rendez-Vous, ce qui correspond assez mal au sujet qui montre deux ravissantes filles à mi-corps avec un petit nègre, un personnage de comédie et un père noble son vaste chapeau à la main. Watteau a soit peint des acteurs du Théâtre Français, soit déguisé les membres de la famille Bailly à qui il destinait le tableau. Acquis en 1755 par Crozat il fut acheté à la vente de 1772 par la Grande Catherine.
  79. ^ Hermitage Museum, Leningrad (1972). Ватто и его время. Leningrad: Avrora. pp. 12, 21. OCLC 990348938.
  80. ^ Opperman, Hal (June 1988). "Watteau 1684-1721 by Margaret Morgan Grasselli, Pierre Rosenberg and Nicole Parmentier". The Art Bulletin. 70 (2): 354–359. JSTOR 3051127. Watteau's approach to the theater changed with such works as Coquettes qui pour voir galants (no. 29) and Les habits sont italiens (lost) that represent, according to the best available but still unsatisfactory interpretation, portraits of his friends dressed up in theatrical costume to no particular end.

Bibliography

Further reading

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