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Reichenau Glossary

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The Reichenau Glosses were compiled in the 8th century in Picardy[1][2] to help monks reading the Vulgate Bible understand words that had either gone extinct or developed a new meaning in their dialect of Romance. Each of these was glossed by a synonym written in Latin form, though not always of Latin origin.[3]

In the table below, obviously non-native words such as Italian formaggio (which was borrowed from French) are not counted among the derivatives. All of the Romance words, unless otherwise specified, are stressed on the same syllable as the Proto-Romance form. Sounds that may or may not be present in a word- depending on dialect, phonetic context, etc.- are shown in subscript.

Archaic Term Meaning Gloss Origin of Gloss Derivatives of Gloss Derivatives of Archaic Term
abdito hidden absconso CL abscondito 'hidden' (cognate to abdito but with an additional prefix) had the variant absconso. Pr. [askónsu]
O.Fr [eskons]
O.Oc [eskos]
Ct. [əskuns]
It. [askoso]
O.Sp [eskuso]
O.Pt [eskusu]
Rm. [askuns] 		—
abio[α] I go away vado This could mean 'I go' in CL, but the usual sense was 'wade'. Pr. [βáu̯]
O.Fr [voi̯s][i]
Fr. [vɛz]
Oc. [baw]
Dl. [vis]
It. [voː]
Sp. [boi̯][ii]
Po. [vow]
abgetarii[β] woodworkers carpentarii CL for 'wagon makers'. From Gaulish *karpantos 'chariot' with occupational suffix -arii. Pr. [karpentáːɾji]nom
O.Fr [tʃarpentjær]
Pr. [karpentáːɾjos]acc
O.Fr [tʃarpentjærs]
Fr. [ʃaχpɑ̃tjez]
Oc. [kaɾpentjɛs]
Sp. [kaɾpinteɾos]
Po. [kaɾpĩntɐjɾuʃ]
absintio wormwood aloxino Greek ἀλόη όξίνης[6] 'bitter aloe'. Pr. [alɔ́ksɪna]
O.Fr [alujznə]
Fr. [alɥinə]
O.Sp [alozna]
Po. alosna 		Pr. [apsɪ́ntsjo]
Oc. [awsen]
Dl. ascianz
O.It [assentso]
Sp. [axeŋxo]
adolescentia youth iuventus CL synonym. Pr. [ɟʊβɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [dʒovent]
Oc. [dʒuβen]
Ct. [ʒuβent] 		—
Pr. [ɟʊβentúːte]
Oc. [dʒuβentyt]
Ct. [ʒuβəntut]
It. [dʒoventu]
Sp. [xuβentuð]
Po. [ʒuvẽtuðɨ]
aculeus stinger aculeonis Romance derivative of the older term. Pr. [akuʎʎóːne]
Fr. [ɛɡɥijɔ̃]
Oc. [aɣyʎu]
Sp. [aɣixon]
Po. [ɐgiʎɐ̃w]
aes bronze eramen LL derivative composed of aes (oblique stem aer-) and material suffix -men. Pr. [aráːme]
Fr. [ɛʁɛ̃]
Oc. [aɾan]
Ct. [əɾam]
Rs. arom
It. [raːme]
Gal. arame
Po. [ɐɾɐmɨ]
Rm. [aramə]
Pr. [aráːmɪne][7]
Sp. [alambɾe]
Sd. [raːmɛnɛ]
or [raːmini]
ager field campus CL synonym. Pr. [kámpʊs]nom
O.Fr [tʃans] 		Pr. [áːɣɾu]
O.Fr [ajrə]
Fr. [ɛʁə]
O.Oc agre
'eyrie'
It. [aːgro]
Gal. agra
Rm. [aɡru]
'field, land'
Pr. [kámpu]acc
O.Fr [tʃamp]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃]
Oc. [kan]
Ct. [kam]
Rs. champ
It. [kampo]
Sp. [kampo]
Sd. [kampu]
Dl. [kuo̯mp]
Po. [kɐ̃mpu]
Rm. [kɨmp]
annuant that they nod cinnant Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', itself of unclear origin. Pr. [akkɪ́nnant]
O.Fr [atsenənt]
O.Oc [tsenan]
It. [attʃennano]
Po. [ɐsenɐ̃w] 		—
anxiaretur that he be
distressed 		angustiaretur LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. Pr. [aŋgʊ́ssjat]
O.Fr [aŋgojsəθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃ɡwasə]
Oc. [aŋgujsɔ]
Ct. [əŋɡoʃə]
It. [aŋgoʃʃa] 		Pr. [ansjáːɾe]
O.It [ansjaːɾe]
Sp. [ansjaɾ]
Po. [ɐ̃sjaɾ]
'eagerly await'
aper boar salvaticus porcus Porcus is CL for 'pig'. Salvaticus reflects Pr. evolution of CL silvaticus 'wild'. Pr. [pɔ́rkʊs salβáːtɪkʊs]nom
O.Fr [pɔrs salvadʒəs]		 Pr. [apru]
Sd. porcabru[iii]
Pr. [pɔ́rku salβáːtɪku]acc
O.Fr [pɔrk salvadʒə]
Fr. [pɔχ sovaʒə]
Oc. [pɔɾk salβadʒe]
Ct. [pɔɾk səlβadʒə]
Rs. portg selvadi
Dl. [pwark salvutik]
It. [pɔrko salvaːtiko]
Rm. [pork səlbatik]
arbusta orchards arbricellus Diminutive of arbor 'tree'. Pr. [aɾβoɾɪskɛ́ɭɭu]
O.Fr [arbrisɛl]
Fr. [aʁbʁiso]
Oc. [aɾbɾisɛl]
'shrubbery'
It. [arboʃʃɛllo]
'sapling' 		Gal. albustre
area threshing floor danea Frankish *dannja. Wal. dègne[8] Pr. [áːɾja]
O.Fr [ajrə]
Fr. [ɛʁə]
Oc. [jɛɾɔ]
Ct. [eɾə]
It. [aja]
Sp. [eɾa]
Po. [ɐjɾɐ]
Rm. arie
arena sand sabulo CL for 'gravel'. Pr. [saβlóːne]
Fr. [sablɔ̃]
Oc. [saβlu]
Ct. [sawɫo]
Rs. [səblun]
It. [sabbjoːne]
Dl. [salbawŋ]
Sp. [saβlon]
Ist.Rm [salbun] 		Pr. [aréːna]
O.Fr [arejnə]
Oc. [aɾenɔ]
Ct. [əɾɛnə]
It. [reːna]
Sp. [aɾena]
Gal. area
Po. [ɐɾɐjɐ]
Arm. [arinə]
armilla bracelet baucus Ultimately from Proto-Germanic *baugaz, which had the same sense. O.Fr [bɔw] Pr. [armɪ́ɭɭa]
Sp. [aɾmeʎa]
atram black nigram More usual CL synonym. Pr. [nɪ́ɣɾa]
O.Fr [nejrə]
Fr. [nwaʁə]
Oc. [neɣɾɔ]
Ct. [nɛɣɾə]
Rs. [najrə]
Dl. [njara]
It. [neːɾa]
Sp. [neɣɾa]
Po. [neɣɾɐ]
Rm. [ne̯aɡrə]		 —
axis axle ascialis Axis with adjective-forming suffix -alis. Pr. [aksáːle]
O.Fr [ajsæl] 		Pr. [ákse]
Fr. [ɛ]
'plank'
Oc. [ajs]
Ct. [eʃ]
It. [asse]
Sp. [exe]
Po. [ejʃu]
'beam, axle'
Pr. [aksíːle]
O.Fr [ajsil]
Fr. [esjø]
benignitate kindness bonitate CL contextual synonym. Pr. [bonɪtáːte]
O.Fr [bontæθ]
Fr. [bɔ̃te]
Oc. [buntat]
Ct. [bundat]
It. [bonta]
Sp. [bondað]
Po. [bõdaðɨ]
Rm. [bunətate] 		—
binas in pairs duas et duas Periphrase, 'two and two'. Fr. deux à deux
It. due a due
Sp. de dos en dos
Po. de dois em dois
calamus pen for writing penna CL for 'feather'. Pr. [pɪ́nna]
O.Fr [penə]
It. [penna]
Sic. [pinna]
Po. [penɐ]
Rm. [pe̯anə] 		Pr. [káːlamu]
O.Fr [tʃalmə]
Fr. [ʃomə]
'stubble, thatch'
callidior more devious vitiosior Comparative form of CL vitiosus 'wicked, corrupt'. The core noun vitium 'sin' is common in Christian writings. Pr. [βɪtsjóːsu]
O.Fr [vitsows]
Fr. [visjø]
Oc. [bisjus]
'depraved'
It. [vettsoːso]
'charming' 		—
calumpniam slander contentio CL for 'quarrel, dispute'. Pr. [tentsjóːne]
Oc. [tensu]		 Pr. [kalʊ́mɲa]
O.Fr [tʃalondʒə]
O.Oc [kalondʒa]
Sp. [kaloɲa]
Po. [kwĩmɐ]
calx heel calcaneum Rare CL synonym composed of calx and -aneum. Pr. [kalkáɲɲu]
O.Fr dial [kalkai̯n][9]
Oc. dial [kawkaɲ]
O.Ct [kəɫkaɲ]
Rs. chalchagn
It. [kalkaɲɲo]
Sd. carcàngiu
O.Sp [kalkaɲo]
Arom. cãlcãnju
Rm. călcâi 		—
canere to sing cantare CL frequentative form of canere. Pr. [kantáːɾe]
O.Fr [tʃantær]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃te]
Oc. [kanta]
Ct. [kənta]
Rs. chantar
It. [kantaːɾe]
Dl. [kantur]
Sd. [kantaːɾe]
Sp. [kantaɾ]
Po. [kɐ̃ntaɾ]
Rm. [kɨntare]
cartallo basket panario CL for 'breadbasket', composed of pane 'bread' and locational suffix -ario. Pr. [panáːɾju]
O.Fr [panjær]
Fr. [panje]
Oc. [panjɛɾ]
It. dial panaio
Sp. [paneɾo]
Po. [pɐnɐjɾu]
Rm. [paner]
caseum cheese formaticum LL formaticus caseus, lit. 'cheese made in a mould'. Pr. [foɾmáːtɪku]
O.Fr [formadʒə]
Fr. [fχɔmaʒə]
Oc. [fuɾmadʒe]
Ct. [fuɾmadʒə]		 Pr. [káːsju]
It. [kaːtʃo]
Dl. [kis]
Sd. [kaːzu]
Sp. [keso]
Po. [kɐjʒu]
Rm. [kaʃ]
Pr. [kasjɔ́ːlu]dim
Rs. chaschöl
crastro[γ] army camp heribergo Frankish *heriberga. O.Fr herberge
Oc. [alβɛ́rɣɔ] 		Pr. [kastɾu]
Ar. qaṣr[iv]
cementarii masons mationes Frankish *makjo. Note confusion of ⟨ti⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, which both represent [ts].[10] O.Fr [matsons]
Fr. [masɔ̃z]
Oc. [masus] 		O.Fr *cimentiers
Fr. [simɑ̃tjez]
cementariis macionibus
cenacula chambers mansiunculas diminutive of CL mansiones 'lodges'. Pr. [masjóːnes]
O.Fr [majzons]
Fr. [mɛzɔ̃z]
Oc. [majzus]
It. [madʒoːni]
'houses'
Sd. [mazɔːnɛzɛ]
'herds' 		—
cesis beaten flagellatis CL for 'beaten with a whip'. Pr. [flaɣeɭɭáːtos]
O.Fr flaelez
cibaria food cibus vivendi Reminiscent of Pr. vivanda 'food', altered from CL vivenda 'that which is necessary for life'. Pr. [βiβánda]
O.Fr [vjandə]
'food'
Fr. [vjɑ̃də]
'meat'
Oc. [vjandɔ]
It. [vivanda]
'food'
Pr. [βiβέnda]
Sp. [biβjenda]
Po. [vivẽndɐ]
'residence, housing'
clibanus oven furnus CL synonym. Pr. [fʊ́ɾnu]acc
O.Fr [forn]
Fr. [fuʁ]
Oc. [fuɾn]
Ct. [foɾn]
Rs. fourn
It. [forno]
Sd. [furru]
Sp. [oɾno]
Po. [foɾnu]
Arom. furnu
clivium hill montania CL mont- 'mountain' with locational suffix -anea. Pr. [montáɲɲa]
O.Fr [montaɲə]
Fr. [mɔ̃taɲə]
Oc. [muntaɲɔ]
Ct. [muntaɲə]
Rs. [muntoɲə]
It. [montaɲɲa]
Sp. [montaɲa]
Po. [mõntɐɲɐ]
coccinus scarlet red rubeus CL for 'red'. Pr. [rʊ́βjʊs]nom
O.Fr [rodʒəs]
Pr. [rʊ́βju]acc
O.Fr [rodʒə]
Fr. [ʁuʒə]
Oc. [rudʒe]
Ct. [rɔtʃ]
Sp. [ruβjo]
Po. [ʁujvu]
Rm. [rojb]
colliridam type of pastry turtam CL tortam 'twisted' in reference to the pastry's shape. Pr. [tʊ́ɾta]
O.Fr [tortə]
Fr. [tuχtə]
Oc. [tuɾtɔ]
Rs. turta
Sd. [tuɾta]
It. [torta]
Dl. [turta]
Sp. [toɾta]
Rm. [turtə]
commutatione exchange concambiis Gaulish *kambjon. Pr. [kámbju]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃ʒə]
Oc. [kambi]
It. [kambjo]
Sp. [kambjo]
Po. [kɐ̃mbju]
Rm. [skimb][v]
compellit he urges anetset Frankish *anhattian.[12] O.Fr [anetsəθ]
O.It [annittsa]
O.Po [anatsa]
concidit he cut taliavit Verb based on CL talea 'cutting from a plant'. Pr. [taʎʎáwt]
O.Fr [taʎaθ]
Fr. [tɑja]
Oc. [taʎa]
Ct. [təʎa]
It. [taʎʎɔ]
Sp. [taxo]
Po. [tɐʎow]
Rm. [təje]
contumeliam belittlement verecundiam CL for 'shame'. Pr. [βeɾɣʊ́ɲɲa]
Fr. [vɛʁɡɔɲə]
Oc. [beɾɣuɲɔ]
Ct. [bəɾɣoɲə]
It. [verɡoɲɲa]
O.Sp [βeɾɣweɲa]
Po. [vɨɾɣoɲɐ]
Pr. [βeɾɣʊ́ntsja]
Sd. bregunza
Sp. [beɾɣwenθa]
O.Po [veɾɣontsa]
coturnices quails quacoles Frankish *kwakla, likely onomatopoeic. O.Fr [kaʎəs]
Fr. [kɑjə.z]
Oc. [kaʎɔs]
Ct. [ɡwaʎʎəs]
Rs. quacras
It. [kwaʎʎe] 		Pr. [kotʊɾníːkes]
O.It [kotorniːtʃi]
Sp. [koðoɾniθes]
Po. [kuðuɾnizɨʃ]
Pr. [kotʊɾníːklas]dim
Rm. [potɨrnikj][vi]
'partridges'
scabrones[δ] hornets wapces Frankish *wapsa. O.Fr [gwɛspəs][vii]
Fr. [ɡɛpə.z] 		Pr. [kaɾabɾóːnes]
It. [kalaβroːni]
Po. [kɐ̃mbɾɐ̃w̃ʃ]
crebro[ε] sieve crivolo The product of liquid dissimilation, one of several ways that Pr. eliminated the sequence of two r's. The additional ⟨o⟩ is dubious. Pr. [kɾíβlu]
Fr. [kχiblə] 		—
Pr. [kɾíβu]
Sp. [kɾiβa]fem
Po. [kɾivu]
Pr. [kíβɾu]
Rm. [ʧjur]
Pr. [kɾiβέɭɭu]dim
Oc. [kɾiβɛl]
It. [krivɛllo]
crura shins tibia CL contextual synonym. Pr. [tíːβja]
O.Fr [tidʒə]
Fr. [tiʒə]
Oc. [tidʒɔ]
Ca. [tiʒə]
'stem'
culmen peak spicus CL had the masculine variant spicus alongside the more usual spica 'spike, ear of grain'. Pr. [ɪspíːku]acc
O.Fr [espi]
Fr. [epi]
Oc. [espik]
Fri. [spi]
Rm. [spik] 		Pr. [kʊ́lme]
It. [kolmo]
Po. [kuɫmɨ]
Rm. [kulme]
Pr. [ɪspíːka]
Oc. [espiɣɔ]
Ct. [əspiɣə]
Dl. [spajka]
Sd. [ispiːɣa]
It. [spiːga]
Sp. [espiɣa]
Po. [iʃpiɣɐ] 		Pr. [kʊ́lmɪne]
Sp. [kumbɾe]
cuncti all omnes CL synonym. Pr. [ɔ́mnes]
O.It [onni]
Sd. onzi 		—
da give dona CL synonym. Pr. [dóːna]
O.Fr [donə]
Fr. [dɔnə]
Oc. [dunɔ]
Ct. [donə] 		Pr. [dá]
Oc. dial [da]
Rs. dai
It. [da]
Dl. [duo̯]
Sp. [da]
Po. [da]
Rm. [də]
denudare lay bare discooperire CL cooperire 'cover' with dis as a negating prefix. Pr. [dɪskoperíːɾe]
O.Fr [deskovrir]
Fr. [dekuvʁiʁ]
Oc. [deskuβɾi]
Ct. [dəskuβɾi]
Dl. [diskoprer]
It. [diskopriːɾe]
Sp. [deskuβɾiɾ]
Po. [dɨʃkuβɾiɾ]
Rm. [deskoperire]		 Pr. [dɪznuðáːɾe]
O.Fr [deznuðær]
Fr. [denɥe]
'deprive'
Sp. [deznuðaɾ]
Po. desnudar
'undress'
detestare revile blasphemare CL synonym borrowed from Greek βλασφημέειν. Pr. [blastemáːɾe]
O.Fr [blasmær]
Fr. [blɑme]
Oc. [blajma]
Ct. [bɫəzma]
Rs. blastemmar
It. [bestemmjaːɾe]
Dl. [blasmur]
Sp. [lastimaɾ]
Po. [lɐʃtimaɾ]
Rm. [blestemare]		 —
dilecta beloved amata More usual CL synonym. Pr. [amáːta]
O.Fr [amæðə]
Fr. [ɛmeə][I]
Oc. [ajmaðɔ]
Ct. [əmaðə]
It. [amaːta]
Sp. [amaða]
Po. [ɐmaðɐ]
ducta led menata CL minata 'prodded, threatened' in reference to farm animals. Pr. [mɪnáːta]
O.Fr [mənæðə]
Fr. [məneə]
Oc. [menaðɔ]
Ct. [mənaðə]
It. [menaːta]
Rm. [mɨnatə]		 Pr. [kondʊ́kta]
O.Fr [kondujtə]
Fr. [kɔ̃dɥitə]
Oc. [kundytʃɔ]
Ct. [kundujtə]
It. [kondotta]
Rm. [dusə]
emit he bought comparavit CL for 'obtained'. Pr. [komparáwt]
O.Fr [kompəraθ]
Oc. [kɾumpa]
Ct. [kumpɾa]
It. [komprɔ]
Sp. [kompɾo]
Po. [kõmpɾow]
Rm. [kumpərə]
'bought'		 —
ensis sword gladius More usual CL synonym. Pr. [ɡlájʊs]
O.Fr [ɡlajs]
'sword lily'
escas food cibos More usual CL synonym. Pr. [kɪ́βos]
Sp. [θeβos]
Po. [sevuʃ]
'bait' 		Pr. [ɛ́skas]
Fr. [ɛʃə.z]
Oc. [eskɔs]
Po. [iskɐʃ]
'bait'
Ct. [ɛskəs]
It. [eske]
'bait, tinder'
Sp. [jeskas]
Rm. [jeʃtʲ]
'tinder'
exacerbaverunt they irritated exasperaverunt CL synonym. An unprefixed version with a change in conjugation survived in Romance. Pr. [asperíːɾʊnt]
O.Fr [asprirənt]
O.It [aspriːrono] 		—
exaurire to drain scavare CL excavare 'dig out, empty', composed of ex 'out' and cav- 'hollow'. Pr. [eskaβáːɾe]
O.Fr [estʃavær]
Oc. [eskaβa]
Rs. stgavar
It. [skavaːɾe]
Sp. [eskaβaɾ]
Po. [iʃkɐvaɾ]
exterminabit he shall extirpate eradicabit CL synonym. Pr. [eɾaðikáːɾe]
O.Fr [aratʃjær]
Fr. [aʁaʃe]
O.Oc araigar
Rm. [ridikare]
exuerunt they stripped away expoliaverunt CL synonym. The unprefixed spoliaverunt survived in Romance. Pr. [ɪspoʎʎáːɾʊnt]
O.Fr [espoʎærənt]
It. [spoʎʎaːɾono]
O.Sp [espoʒaɾon][II]
Po. esbulharam
faretra quiver teca sagittarum Periphrase, 'container for arrows'. The first word is a CL borrowing from Greek θήκη; the latter is native. Pr. [téːka]
O.Fr [tejə]
Fr. [tɛə]
'pillowcase'
It. [teːga]
'pod'
Rm. [te̯akə]
'case, sheath'
Pr. [saɣɪ́ttas]
O.Fr [saetəs]
Oc. [sadʒetɔs]
Ct. [səʒɛtəs]
O. It [saette]
Sp. [saetas]
Po. [sɛtɐʃ]
Rm. [sədʒetsʲ]
cupra Frankish loan, cf. German Köcher. O.Fr cuivre
fatigatus tired lassus CL synonym. Pr. [lássʊs]
O.Fr [las]
Fr. [lɑ]
Oc. [las]
femur thigh coxa CL for 'hip'. Pr. [kɔ́ksa]
O.Fr [kujsə]
Fr. [kɥisə]
Oc. [kɥɛjsɔ]
Ct. [kuʃə]
Rs. cossa
It. [kɔʃʃa]
Sd. [kɔssa]
Sp. [kuxa]
Po. [koʃɐ]
Dl. [kopsa]
Rm. [ko̯apsə]
'thigh'
cingolo[ζ] CL for 'belt'. Pr. [kɪ́ŋɡla]
O.Fr [tseŋɡlə]
Fr. [sɑ̃ɡlə]
Oc. [seŋglɔ]
Ct. [siŋɡɫə]
It. [tʃiŋɡja]
Po. [siʎɐ]
Rm. [kiŋɡə]
'strap, girdle'
ferus savage durus CL for 'harsh, severe'. Pr. [dúːɾʊs]nom
O.Fr [durs]
Rs. [dirs][viii] 		Pr. [fɛ́ːɾʊs]nom
O.Fr [fjɛrs]
'proud'
Pr. [dúːɾu]acc
O.Fr [dur]
Fr. [dyʁ]
Oc. [dyɾ]
Ct. [du]
Rs. [dir]
Lom. [dyːr]
It. [duːro]
Dl. [dojr]
Sp. [duɾo]
Po. [duɾu] 		Pr. [fɛ́ːɾu]acc
O.Fr [fjɛr]
Fr. [fjɛʁ]
It. [fjɛːro]
'proud'
Ct. [feɾ]
Sp. [fjeɾo]
'wild'
fervet it boils bullit CL synonym. Pr. [bʊ́ɭɭɪt]
O.Fr [bolt]
Fr. [but]
Oc. [buʎe]
Ct. [buʎ]
It. [bolle]
Sd. [buɖɖɛ]
Sp. [buʎe]
'boils'
Po. [bulɨ]
'fidgets' 		Pr. [fɛ́ɾβet]
It. [fɛrve]
'has a fever'
Sp. [ɟʝeɾβe]
Po. [fɛɾvɨ]
Rm. [fjerbe]
fex dregs lias Gaulish *ligas. O.Fr [liəs]
Fr. [liə.z] 		—
flare to blow suflare CL flare prefixed with sub. Pr. [sʊffláːɾe]
O.Fr [soflær]
Fr. [sufle]
Oc. [sufla]
Rs. suflar
It. [soffjaːɾe]
O.Sp [soʎaɾ][18]
Cnt. asuellar
Po. [supɾaɾ]
Rm. [suflare]
flasconem flask buticulam diminutive of LL buttis 'cask, barrel' from Greek βοῦττις. Pr. [bʊttɪ́kla]
O.Fr [boteʎə]
Fr. [butɛjə]
Oc. [buteʎɔ] 		O.Fr [flasˈkon]
Fr. [flakɔ̃]
Oc. [flasˈku]
Ct. [fɫəsˈko]
It. [ˈfjasko]
Sp. [ˈfɾasko]
Po. [ˈfɾaʃku]
fletur there is weeping planctur An attempt to spell CL plangitur, 'there is mourning'. Pr. [pláŋgeɾe]
O.Fr [plajndrə]
Fr. [plɛ̃dʁə]
Oc. [plaɲe]
Ct. [pɫaɲə]
Dl. [pluŋɡrə]
It. [pjaŋdʒeɾe]
O.Sp [ʎaˈɲeɾ]
O.Po changer
Rm. [plɨndʒere] 		—
forum marketplace mercatum CL contextual synonym Pr. [merkáːtu]
O.Fr [martʃjæθ]
Fr. [maχʃe]
Oc. [meɾkat]
Ct. [məɾkat]
Rs. marchà
It. [merkaːto]
Sp. [meɾkaðo]
Po. [mɨɾkaðu] 		Pr. [fɔ́ːɾu]
O.Fr [fwɛr]
Fr. [fyʁ]
'extent'
Sp. [fweɾo]
'law'
Rom. [for]
'plaza'
framea type of sword gladius bisacutus Bisacutus is LL for 'double-edged', from CL bis 'twice' + acutus 'sharpened'. Pr. [bɪsakúːta]
Fr. [bəzɛɡyə]
'carpenter's tool
with two sides'
It. [bizakuːta]
'double-edged' 		—
furent[η] they steal involent CL involant 'they carry off'. Pr. [ɪ́nvolant]
O.Fr [emblənt]
O.Oc [emblan]
Ct. [embɫən] 		Pr. [fúːɾant]
It. [fuːɾano]
Rm. [furə]
Pr. [ɪnvóːlant]
It. [invoːlano]
furvus brown brunus Frankish *brūn. O.Fr [brun]acc
Fr. [bʁœ̃]
Oc. [bɾy]
Ct. [bɾu]
Rs. [bryn]
It. [bruːno]
Dl. [brojn]
Sp. [bɾuno]
Po. [bɾunu]		 —
fusiles melted fundutas Romance past participle[19] of CL fundere 'melt'. Pr. [fʊndúːtas]
O.Fr [fonduðəs]
Fr. [fɔ̃dyə]
Oc. [fundyðɔs]
O.It [fonduːte]
'melted'
Pr. [fʊndíːtas]
Sp. [undiðas]
'collapsed'
Po. [fũndiðɐʃ]
'smelted'
galea helmet helmus Frankish *helm. O.Fr [hɛlmə]acc
Fr. [omə]
It. [elmo]
Sp. [ɟʝelmo]
Po. [ɛlmu]
genuit she bore generavit CL synonym with more regular conjugations. Pr. [ɪŋɡeneráwt]
O.Fr [eŋdʒendraθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃ʒɑ̃dʁa]
Oc. [enʒendɾa]
Ct. [əɲʒəndɾa]
Sp. [eŋxendɾo]
Po. [ʒɨɾow]
gratia thanks merces CL for 'goods, wages'. Pr. [meɾkéːðe]
O.Fr [mertsiθ]
Fr. [mɛχsi]
Oc. [meɾse]
O.It [mertʃeː]
'thanks, mercy'
It. [mertʃeːde]
Sp. [meɾθeð]
Po. [mɨɾse]
'mercy'
abenas[θ] reins retinacula iumentorum Periphrase, 'reins for pack animals'. Retinacula is akin to Pr. retinas, both derived from retinere 'hold back'. Pr. [rɛ́ːtɪnas]
O.Fr. [rɛðnəs][20]
Fr. [ʁɛnə.z]
Oc. [rennos]
Ct. [rɛŋnəs]
It. [rɛːdine]
Sp. [rjendas]
Po. [ʁɛðjɐʃ]
Pr. [ɟumɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [dʒument]
Fr. [ʒymɑ̃]
'mare'
O.It [dʒumento]
Sp. [xumento]
Po. [ʒumẽntu]
'pack animal'
arundine[ι] reed ros Frankish *rausa. O.Fr [ros]
Oc. [raws]
O.Fr. [roˈzɛl]dim
Fr. [ʁozo]
ebitatum[κ] weakened bulcatum Pr. verb based on CL bullire 'bubble, boil'. Pr. [bʊɭɭɪkáːtu]
O.Fr [boldʒjæθ]
Fr. [buʒe]
Oc. [buleɣat]
Ct. [bəʎuɣat]
'moved, agitated'
It. [bulikaːto]
'boiled'
iacinctinas[λ] hyacinth-colored persas Ultimately from Persia, perhaps because garments imported from there had this color. Fr. [pɛχsə]
'blue-green' 		Pr. [ɟakíntu]
Fr. [ʒasɛ̃tə]fem
Oc. [dʒasin]
Ct. [ʒəsint]
hiems winter ibernus Hibernum was a CL synonym Pr. [inβɛ́ɾnʊs]nom
O.Fr [ivɛrs]
O.Oc iverns 		—
Pr. [inβɛ́ɾnu]acc
O.Fr [ivɛrn]
Fr. [ivɛʁ]
Oc. [iβɛɾn]
Ct. [iβɛɾn]
Rs. inviern
Dl. [invjarna]fem
It. [iɱvɛrno]
Sd. [iβerru]
Sp. [imbjeɾno]
Po. [ĩmbɛɾnu]
Rm. [jarnə]fem
horreis granaries spicariis CL spica 'ear of grain' with locational suffix -arium. Pr. [ɪspikáːɾju]
O.Wal spir[21]
'provisions
Gm. [ʃpaɪçɐ]
granary'		 Pr. [ɔ́rrju]
Ct. [ɔri]
It. dial orrio
Sd. orriu
Ast. orru
iacere to throw iactare CL freq. of iacere. Pr. [ɟektáːɾe]
O.Fr [dʒətær]
Fr. [ʒəte]
Oc. [dʒeta]
Ct. [ʒita]
It. [dʒettaːɾe]
Sd. [gɛtaːɾe]
Sp. [etʃaɾ] 		—
ictus strike colpus CL borrowing of Greek κόλαφος. Pr. [kɔ́lpʊs]nom
O.Fr [kɔls] 		Pr. [ɪktu]acc
Po. [ɐjtu]
'row'
Pr. [kɔ́lpu]acc
O.Fr [kɔlp]
Fr. [ku]
Oc. [kɔp]
Ct. [kɔlp]
It. [kolpo]
id this hoc Contextual CL synonym Pr. [ɔ́k]
O.Fr [ɔk]
'this'
Oc. [ɔk]
O.Ct [ɔk]
'yes' 		—
iecore liver ficato CL ficatum 'fig-fattened liver', calqued from Greek συκωτόν.[22] Pr. [fɪ́katu]
Fr. [fwaə]
It. [feːɡato]
Pr. [fikáːtu]
Fri. [fiaːt]
Rm. [fikat]
Pr. [fíːkatu]
Rs. fio
Sd. [fiːɣaðu]
Sp. [iɣaðo]
Po. [fiɣɐðu]
Pr. [fɪ́taku][23]
Oc. [fedʒe]
Ct. [fedʒə]
in caminum into the furnace in clibanum This word didn't survive anywhere in Romance, however it has already been defined earlier in this glossary as furnus. — Pr. [kamíːnu]
Rs. chamin
Dl. [kamajn]
It. [kamiːno]
Pr. [kamɪnáːta]
O.Fr [tʃəminæðə][ix]
Fr. [ʃəmineə]
Oc. dial. [tsaminadɔ]
'fireplace, chimney'
indutus dressed vestitus CL synonym. Pr. [βestíːtu]acc
O.Fr [vestiθ]
Oc. [bestit]
Ct. [bəstit]
Dl. [vestjat]
Lom. [vestiː]
It. [vestiːto]
Sd. [bestiːðu]
Sp. [bestiðo]
Po. [vɨʃtiðu] 		—
Pr. [βestútu]acc
O.Fr [vestuθ]
Fr. [vɛty]
O.It [vestuːto]
institis bandages fasciolis CL synonym. Pr. [fascɔ́ːlas]
O.It [faʃʃwɔːle]
Rm. [fɨʃio̯are]
nasculis Frankish *nastila. O.Fr [nasləs]
insultaret that he offend inganaret Romance verb based on CL gannire 'to snarl'. Pr. [ɪŋgannáːɾe]
O.Fr [eŋdʒanær]
Oc. [eŋɡana]
Ct. [əŋgəɲa]
It. [iŋgannaːɾe]
Sp. [eŋɡaɲaɾ]
Rm. [ɨŋgɨnare]
isset he would
have gone		 ambulasset Could mean 'go' in CL, but isset was the more usual word. Pr. [amblásset]
O.Fr [alast]
Fr. [alat]
It. [ambjasse]
Sp. [amblase]
Rm. [umblase]		 Pr. [ɟísset]
Lad. jissa
Rm. [ise]
Pr. [ɟíːɾe]inf
Fr. [iʁ][x]
O.Oc [iɾ]
O.Ct [iɾ]
Rs. [ir]
O.It [dʒiːre]
Dl. [dzer]
Sp. [iɾ]
Po. [iɾ]
Rm [iː]
ita yes sic CL synonym. Pr. [sík]
Fr. [si]
Oc. [si]
'actually, yes'
Ct. [si]
Rs. [ʃi]
It. [si]
Sp. [si]
Po. [sĩ][xi]
'yes'
Rm. [ʃi]
'and' 		—
iuger acre jornalis CL diurnalis 'that which pertains to a day'. In France this term developed the sense of 'land that can be worked by oxen in a day'. Pr. [ɟʊrnáːle]
O.Fr [dʒornal]
'journal,
measure of land'
Fr. [ʒuʁnal][xii]
Oc. [dʒuɾnal]
It. [dʒornaːle]
'journal'
iugulate kill them occidite CL synonym See necetur. Pr. [ɟʊgláːtɪs]
Rm. [ʒungiats]
ius law legem CL synonym Pr. [léːɣe]
O.Fr [lej]
Fr. [lwa]
Oc. [lej]
Ct. [ʎɛj]
Dl. [lig]
It. [leddʒe]
Sp. [lej]
Po. [lej]		 Pr. [ɟúːɾe]
It. [dʒuɾe]
O.Sp [ʒuɾ]
O.Po [ʒuɾ]
potestatem CL for 'power, authority'. Pr. [potestáːte]
O.Fr [poðestæθ]
O.Oc poestat
O.It [podestaːde]
It. [podeˈsta]
labium[μ] tub conca Could designate a sort of vessel in CL, but the main sense was 'shell'. Borrowed from Greek κόγχη. Pr. [kɔ́ŋka]
Fr. [kɔ̃ʃə]
It. [koŋka]
Sp. [kweŋka]
'basin, watershed' 		—
lamento I wail ploro CL for 'I weep'. Pr. [plóːɾo]
O.Fr [plowr]
Fr. [plœʁ]
Oc. [pluɾi]
Ct. [plɔɾu]
O.It [pjoːro]
Sp. [ʎoɾo]
Po. [ʃɔɾu]
laterum bricks teularum CL tegularum 'roof-tiles'. Pr. [téːɣʊlas]
O.Fr [tiwləs~teʎəs]
Fr. [tɥilə.z]
Oc. [tewlɔs]
Ct. [tɛwɫəs]
Dl. [tacle]
It. [teggje]
or [tegole]
Sp. [texas]
Po. [teʎɐʃ]
lebes boiler chaldaria CL caldarium 'warm bath'. Pr. [kaldáːɾja]
O.Fr [tʃaldjærə]
Fr. [ʃodjɛʁə]
Oc. [kawðjɛɾɔ]
Ct. [kəɫdeɾə]
It. [kaldaːja]
Dl. [kaldira]
Sp. [kaldeɾa]
Po. [kaldɐjɾɐ]
Rm. [kəldare]
leva left sinistra CL synonym. Pr. [sɪnɪ́stɾa]
Fr. [sənɛstχə]
Oc. [senɛstrɔ]
O.It [sinestra]
Rs. saniestra
O.Sp [sinjestɾa]
O.Po [sɛʃtɾa]
liberos children infantes CL synonym. Pr. [ɪnfántes]
O.Fr [enfants]
Fr. [ɑ̃fɑ̃z]
Oc. [efans]
Ct. [iɱfans]
Rs. uffants
'children'
It. [fanti]
'infantry'
O.Sp [ifantes]
O.Po [ifantes]
'heirs-apparent'
litus shore ripa CL synonym. Pr. [ríːpa]
O.Fr [rivə]
Fr. [ʁivə]
Oc. [riβɔ]
Ct. [riβə]
Rs. riva
It. [riːva]
Dl. [rajpa]
Sp. [riβa]
Po. [ʁiβɐ]
Rm. [rɨpə] 		Pr. [líːtu]
It. [liːdo]
ludebant they were playing jocabant CL synonym. Pr. [ɟokáːβant]
O.Fr [dʒoævənt]
Fr. [ʒwɛə.t]
Oc. [dʒuɣaβɔn]
Ct. [ʒuɣaβən]
Rs. giogavan
Dl. [dzokua]
It. [dʒokaːvano]
Sp. [xuɣaβan]
Po. [ʒuɣavɐ̃w̃]
Rm. [ʒukaw] 		—
luto mud fecis CL for 'dregs, sediment'. Pr. [fɛ́ːkes]
It. [fɛtʃi]
Sp. [eθes]
Po. [fezɨʃ] 		Pr. [lʊ́tu]
O.Fr [lot]
It. [loːto]
Sd. [luːðu]
Sp. [loðo]
Po. [loðu]
Rm. [lut]
mala punica pomegranates mala granata Periphrase: 'seeded apples'. Pr. [máːla ɡranáːta]
Oc. [milɣɾanɔ]
Ct. [məɣɾanə]
It. [melaɡraːna]
O.Sp [milɡrana]
Sp. [ɡɾanaða]
Po. [ɡɾɐnaðɐ] 		—
Pr. [póːma ɡranáːta]
O.Fr [pomə grənadə][xiii]
Fr. [ɡʁənadə]
malus mast mastus Frankish *mast. O.Fr [mast]acc
Fr. [mɑ]
Oc. [mast]
manipulos bundles garbas Frankish *garba. Fr. [ʒɛʁbə.z]
Oc. [gaɾβos]
Ca. [ɡarbəs]		 Pr. [manʊ́kli]nom
O.Fr [manoʎ]
O.It [manokki]
Rm. [mənukʲ]
Pr. [manʊ́klos]acc
O.Fr [manoʎts]
Ct. [mənoʎs]
Sp. [manoxos]
Po. [mɔʎuʃ]
mares male livestock masculi CL diminutive of mares (singular mas). Pr. [máskʊli]nom
O.Fr [maslə]
It. [maski]
Rm. dial [maskurʲ]
'male pigs' 		—
Pr. [máskʊlos]acc
O.Fr [masləs]
Fr. [mɑlə.z]
Oc. [maskles]
Ct. [maskləs]
Rs. mascels
Sd. màschios
Sp. [matʃos]
Po. [maʃuʃ]
mergulum diver bird corvum marinum Lit. 'sea-crow'. Pr. [kɔ́ɾβʊ maɾíːnu]
Fr. [kɔʁmɔʁɑ̃]
Oc. [kɔɾp mari]
Ct. [kɔɾp məɾi]
Sp. [kweɾβo maɾino]
Po. [koɾvu mɐɾiɲu]
milites soldiers servientes CL for servants'. Pr. [seɾβjɛ́ntes]
O.Fr [serdʒents]
'servants, sergeants'
Fr. [sɛʁʒɑ̃z]
'sergeants'
Oc. [siɾbens]
Ct. [səɾβens]
Sp. [siɾβjentes]
'servants'
minas threats manaces CL minacia 'menacing' reinterpreted as a fem noun. Pr. [mɪnáccas]
O.Fr [manatsəs]
Fr. [mənasə.z]
Oc. [menasɔs]
It. [minatʧe]
O.Sp [menatsas]
O.Po [mẽatsas] 		—
mutuo acceperam I borrowed impruntatum habeo Prefixed deriv. of CL mutuari. Compound tense construction with habeo is characteristic of Romance. Pr. [ájo ɪmprumutáːtu]
O.Fr [aj empruntæθ]
Fr. *[e ɑ̃pχœ̃te]
Oc. [aj empɾyntat]
Rm. [am ɨmprumutat]
mutuum dare to lend prestare CL for 'provide, furnish'. Pr. [prestáːɾe]
O.Fr [prestær]
Fr. [pχɛte]
Oc. [pɾesta]
Ct. [pɾəsta]
It. [prestaːɾe]
Sp. [pɾestaɾ]
Po. [pɾɨʃtaɾ]
necetur may he be killed occidetur CL synonym. In Romance the sense of necare had changed to 'kill by drowning'. Pr. [okkíːðeɾe]
O.Fr [otsiðrə]
Oc. [awsi]
It. [uttʃiːdeɾe]
Sd. [okkiːðeɾe]
Rm. [utʃidere]		 Pr. [annekáːɾe]
O.Fr [nejær]
Fr. [nwaje]
It. [anneɡaːɾe]
Sp. [aneɣaɾ]
Arm. [nekare]
nemini to nobody nulli CL synonym. Pr. [núɭɭu]
Fr. [nyl]
Oc. [nyl]
Ct. [nul]
It. [nullo]
Sic. [nuɖɖu]
'none, futile' 		Pr. [néːmɪni]
Rm. [nimenʲ]
nent they weave filant Pr. verb based on CL filum 'thread'. Pr. [fíːlant]
O.Fr [filənt]
Fr. [filə.t]
Oc. [filɔn]
Ct. [fiɫən]
It. [fiːlano]
Sp. [ilan]
Po. [fjɐ̃w̃] 		—
nonnulli several multi CL synonym. Pr. [mʊ́lti]nom
O.Fr [molt]
It. [molti]
Rm. [multsʲ]
Pr. [mʊ́ltos]acc
O.Fr [molts]
Ct. [moɫs]
Sp. [mutʃos]
Po. [mũj̃ntuʃ][xiv]
non pepercit he did not spare non sparniavit Frankish *sparanjan. O.Fr [nən esparɲaθ]
Fr. *[nepaʁɲa]
Oc. *[nu espaɾɲa]
It. [non sparaɲɲɔ]
novacula razor rasorium CL rasum 'shaved' with instrumental suffix -orium. Pr. [rasóːɾju]
O.Fr [razojr]
Fr. [ʁazwaʁ]
Oc. [razu]
It. [rasoːjo]		 Pr. [noβáːkla]
Ct. [nəβaʎə]
Sp. [naβaxa]
Po. [nɐvaʎɐ]
noverca stepmother matrastra CL matrem 'mother' with suffix -astra 'wannabe'. Pr. [matrástra]
Fr. [maʁɑtχə]
Oc. [majrastrɔ]
Ct. [məðɾastɾə]
Sp. [maðɾastɾa]
Po. [mɐðɾaʃtɐ]		 Pr. [noβɛ́rka]
Arm. nuearcã
nosse to know scire More usual CL synonym. Pr. [ɪskíːɾe]
Sd. [iskire]
Rm. [ʃtire] 		—
nutare to wobble cancellare CL for 'criss-cross'. The Romance sense developed from the notion of crossing one's legs while walking. Pr. [kankeɭɭáːɾe]
O.Fr [tʃantsəlær]
Fr. [ʃɑ̃səle]
ocreas boots husas Frankish *hosa. O.Fr [hwɛzəs]
O.It [wɔːse]
O.Sp [wesas]
O.Po [osas]
offendas may you drive off abattas CL battuas. Pr. [abbátas]
Fr. [abatə.z]
Oc. [aβatɔs]
Ct. [əβatəs]
It. [abbatta]
Sp. [aβatas]
Po. [ɐvatɐʃ]
onager wild donkey asinus salvaticus Asinus is CL for 'donkey'. For salvaticus, see entry for aper. Pr. [ásɪnʊs]nom
O.Fr [aznəs]
Pr. [ásɪnu]acc
O.Fr [aznə]
Fr. [ɑnə]
Oc. [azne]
Ct. [azə]
Rs. asen
Lig. [aːze]
It. [aːsino]
Sd. [aːinu]
Sp. [azno]
Po. [aʒnu]
Rm. dial asen
onustus burdened carcatus Romance verb based on CL borrowing of Gaulish *karros. Pr. [karrɪkáːtʊs]nom
O.Fr [tʃardʒjæts]
O.Oc [kaɾgats]
Pr. [karrɪkáːtu]acc
O.Fr [tʃardʒjæθ]
Fr. [ʃaʁʒe]
Oc. [kaɾɣat]
Ct. [kərəɣat]
Dl. [karikuo̯t]
It. [kaɾikaːto]
Sp. [kaɾɣaðo]
Po. [kɐʁɨɣaðu]
Rm. [ɨŋkərkat]
oppidis towns civitatibus LL for 'cities'. Pr. [kiβɪtáːtes]
O.Fr [tsitæts]
Fr. [sitez]
Oc. [siwtats]
Ct. [siwtats]
Rs. citads
O.It [tʃittaːdi]
It. [tʃitta]
Sp. [θjuðaðes]
Po. [siðaðɨʃ]
'cities'
Rm. [tʃetətsʲ]
'fortresses'
castellis CL for 'fortresses', diminutive of castra. Pr. [kastɛ́ɭɭi]nom
O.Fr [tʃastɛl]
O.Oc [kastɛl]
It. [kastɛlli]
Sic. [kaʃtɛɖɖi]
Pr. [kastɛ́ɭɭos]acc
O.Fr [tʃastɛls]
Fr. [ʃɑtoz]
Oc. [kastɛls]
Ct. [kəsteʎs]
Rs. chastès
Sd. [kastɛɖɖɔzɔ]
Sp. [kastiʎos]
Po. [kɐʃtɛluʃ]
opilio shepherd berbicarius CL ueruex 'ram' with occupational suffix -arius. Pr. [βeɾβɪkáːɾjʊs]nom
O.Fr [berdʒjærs]
Pr. [βeɾβɪkáːɾju]acc
O.Fr [berdʒjær]
Fr. [bɛʁʒe]
Oc. dial [baʁdzjej]
Pr. [βeɾβekáːɾju]
Sd. berbecarju
Rm. [berbekar]
oportet it is fitting convenit Had this sense in CL as well. Pr. [komβɛ́ːnɪt]
O.Fr [konvjɛnt]
Fr. [kɔ̃vjɛ̃t]
Oc. [kumben]
Ct. [kumbe]
It. [koɱvjɛːne]
Sp. [kombjene]
Po. [kõvɐ̃j̃]
Rm. [kuvine]
optimos the best meliores CL for 'better'. In Romance it also came to mean 'best'. Pr. [meʎʎóːɾes]
O.Fr [meʎowrs]
Fr. [mɛjœʁz]
Oc. [meʎus]
Ct. [miʎos]
Rs. megliers
It. [miʎʎoːɾi]
Sp. [mexoɾes]
Po. [mɨʎɔɾɨʃ]
optimum valde bonum Lit. 'very good'. Valde survived as the first element of O.Fr vaudoux and vaupute.[28] Pr. [bɔ́ːnu]
O.Fr [bwɛn]
Fr. [bɔ̃]
Oc. [bun]
Ct. [bɔ]
Rs. [bun]
Dl. [bun]
It. [bwɔːno]
Sp. [bweno]
Po. [bõ]
Rm. [bun]
ore mouth bucca CL for 'cheek'. Pr. [bʊ́kka]
O.Fr [botʃə]
Fr. [buʃə]
Oc. [bukɔ]
Ct. [bokə]
Rs. [bɔkə]
Dl. [buka]
It. [bokka]
Sp. [boka]
Po. [bokɐ]
'mouth'
Rm. [bukə]
'cheek'
ostendit he showed monstravit CL synonym. Pr. [mostɾáwt]
O.Fr [mostraθ]
Fr. [mɔ̃tχa][xv]
Oc. [mustɾa]
Ct. [mustɾa]
It. [mostrɔ]
Sp. [mostɾo]
Po. [muʃtɾow]
Rm. [mustrə]
oves sheep berbices CL vervex 'castrated ram'. Pr. [βeɾβíːkes]
O.Fr [berbits]
Fr. [bʁəbiz]
O.Oc berbitz
O.It [berbiːtʃi]		 Pr. [ɔ́ːβes]
Rm. [oj]
Pr. [βeɾβéːkes]
Sd. [baɾβɛɣɛzɛ]
Rm. [beɾbetʃʲ] 		Pr. [oβɪ́klas]dim

O.Fr [oˈeʎəs]

Fr. [wajə.z]

Oc. [uˈeʎɔs]

or dial [awvejaː]

Ct. [uβɛʎəs]

Sp. [oβexas]

Po. [ɔvɐʎɐʃ]

paliurus Christ's thorn cardonis From CL cardus 'thistle'. Pr. [kaɾðóːne]
O.Fr [tʃardon]acc
Fr. [ʃaʁdɔ̃]
Oc. [kaɾðu] 		—
pallium cloak drappum Frankish *drāpi. O.Fr [drap]
Fr. [dʁa]
Oc. [dɾap]
Ct. [dɾap]
Dl. [drap]
It. [drappo]
Sd. [dɾapu]
Sp. [tɾapo]
Po. [tɾapu]
papilionis tent travis Romance nominative based on CL acc trabem 'beam' or 'structure built around a beam'. Pr. [tráːβɪs]nom
O.Fr [træs] 		Pr. [papɪʎʎóːne]
O.Fr [paveʎon]
'butterfly, pavilion'
Fr. [pavijɔ̃]
Oc. [paβaʎu]
It. [padiʎʎɔne]
Sp. [paβeʎon]
'pavilion'
Fr. [papijɔ̃][xvi]
Oc. [paɾpaʎu]
Ct. [pəpəʎonə]
O.It [parpaʎʎoːne]
'butterfly'
Pr. [tráːβe]acc
O.Fr [træf]
'tent, beam'
O.Oc [traw]
It. [traːve]
Po. [tɾavɨ]
pabula[ν] blister visica Vesica could have this meaning in CL as well, but its main sense was 'bladder'. Pr. [βessíːka]
Fr. [vesiə]
Oc. [besiɣo]
Ct. [bəʃiɣə]
It. [veʃʃiːka]
Sp. [bexiɣa]
Po. [bɨʃiɣɐ]
Rm. [bəʃikə]
'blister, bladder' 		—
paria alike similia Contextual CL synonym. Pr. [sɪmɪláːɾe]verb
O.Fr [semblær]
Fr. [sɑ̃ble]
Oc. [sembla]
Ct. [səmbɫa]
Rm. [semənare]
'resemble' 		Pr. [páːɾja]
O.Fr [pajrə]
Fr. [pɛʁə]
It. [paja]
'pair(s)'
Pr. [sɪmɪʎʎáːɾe]
It. [somiʎʎaːɾe]
Sp. [semexaɾ]
Po. [sɨmɨʎaɾ]
'resemble'
pera bag sportellam CL diminutive of sporta 'basket'. Pr. [ɪsportɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Oc esportella
O.It sportella
Sp. [espoɾtiʎa] 		—
peribet he bears perportat The context is Ioannes testimonium perhibet. Fr. il porte témoignage
It. porta testimonianza
pes foot pedis Romance nominative based on CL accusative form pedem. O.Fr [pjɛts]
O.Oc [pɛs]
Pr. [pɛ́ːðe]acc
O.Fr [pjɛθ]
Fr. [pje]
Oc. [pɛ]
Ct. [pɛw]
Rs. [pɛ]
Lom. [pɛ]
It. [pjɛːde]
Dl. [pi]
Sp. [pje]
Po. [pɛ]
Sd. [pɛi]
O.Rm piez
pignus pledge wadius Frankish *waddi. O.Fr [gwadʒə]
Fr. [ɡaʒə]
Oc. [gadʒe]
'will, testament' 		Pr. [pɪ́ɣnu]
Rs. pegn
It. [peɲɲo]
Pr. [pɪ́ɣnoɾa]
O.It [peɲɲora]
Sp. [pɾenda]
Pr. [pɪɣnóːɾe]
Po. [peɲoɾ]
pingues fat grassi CL crassi. Pr. [ɡɾássi]nom
O.Fr [gras]
It. [ɡɾassi]
Rm. [ɡraʃʲ] 		—
Pr. [ɡɾássos]acc
O.Fr [gras]
Fr. [ɡʁɑ]
Ct. [ɡɾasus]
Rs. [gras]
Dl. [gres]
Sd. [ɡɾassɔzɔ]
Sp. [ɡɾasos]
Po. [ɡɾaʃuʃ]
plaustra carts carra Gaulish *karros. Pr. [kárri]nom
O.Fr [tʃar]
It. [karri]
Rm. [kare]
Pr. [kárros]acc
O.Fr [tʃars]
Fr. [ʃaʁz]
Oc. [karis]
Ct. [karus]
Sp. [karos]
Po. [kaʁuʃ]
pulempta[ξ] barley farina CL for 'flour'. Pr. [faríːna]
Fr. [faʁinə]
Oc. [faɾinɔ]
Ct. [fəɾinə]
Rs. farina
It. [fariːna]
Dl. [farajna]
Sp. [aɾina]
Po. [fɐɾiɲɐ]
Rm. [fəinə] 		Pr. [polɛ́nta]
Dl. [puljanta]
It. [polɛnta]
pupillam pupil nigrum in oculo Periphrase, 'the black in an eye'. Fr. le noir de l'œil —
ponatur may it be placed mittatur CL mittere 'send' came to mean 'put' in LL. Pr. [mɪ́tteɾe]
O.Fr [metrə]
Fr. [mɛtχə]
Oc. [metɾe]
Ct. [mɛtɾə]
It. [metteɾe]
Sd. [mintɛɾɛ]
Sp. [meˈteɾ]
Po. [mɨˈteɾ] 		Pr. [póːneɾe]
O.Fr [pondɾə]
Fr. [pɔ̃dʁə]
Oc. [pundɾe]
Ct. [pɔndɾə]
'lay an egg'
It. [porre]
Sp. [poˈneɾ]
Po. [poɾ]
Rm. [punere]
'put, place'
ponderatus burdened graviatus Pr. verb based on CL gravis 'heavy, burdened'. Pr. [graβjáːtus]
O.Fr [grədʒjæts] 		—
poplite ham of the knee juncture janiculorum Periphrase, 'junctions of the knees'. Janiculorum is an attempt to spell CL geniculorum. Pr. [ɟuntúːɾas]
Fr. [ʒwɛ̃tyʁə.z]
Oc. [dʒuntʃyrɔs]
Ct. [ʒuntuɾəs]
It. [dʒuntuːɾe]
Sp. [xuntuɾas]
Po. [ʒũntuɾɐʃ]
Pr. [genʊ́kli]nom
O.Fr [dʒənoʎ]
Dl. zenakle
It. [dʒinɔkki]
Rm. [dʒenunkʲ]
Pr. [genʊ́klos]acc
O.Fr [dʒənoʎts]
Fr. [ʒənuz]
Oc. [dʒenuls]
Ct. [ʒənoʎs]
Rm. schanugls
Sd. [ɡenuːɣɾɔzɔ]
Sp. [inoxos]
Po. [ʒwɐʎuʃ]
pruina frost gelata CL gel- 'freeze' with Romance noun-forming suffix -ata. Pr. [geláːta]
O.Fr [dʒəlæðə]
Fr. [ʒəleə]
Oc. [dʒelaðɔ]
Ct. [ʒəɫaðə]
It. [dʒelaːta]
Sp. [elaða]
Po. [ʒjaðɐ] 		Pr. [pɾʊíːna]
O.Fr [brujnə]
Fr. [bʁɥinə]
'drizzle'
O.Oc bruina
It. [briːna]
'frost'
pugione dagger lancea CL for 'spear'. The glosser may have had in mind O.Fr lancete 'small pointed instrument'. Pr. [lánca]
O.Fr [lantsə]
Fr. [lɑ̃sə]
Oc. [lansɔ]
Ct. [ʎansə]
It. [lantʃa]
Sd. [laθa]
Sp. [lanθa]
Po. [lɐ̃sɐ] 		—
pulchra beautiful bella CL synonym. Pr. [bɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Fr [bɛlə]
Fr. [bɛlə]
Oc. [bɛlɔ]
Ct. [beʎə]
Rs. bella
Lom. [bɛlɐ]
It. [bɛlla]
Sic. [bɛɖɖa]
Dl. [bjala]
Sp. [beʎa]
Po. [bɛlɐ] 		—
pusillum small parvum CL synonym. Pr. [páɾβu]
O.Fr [parf]
Po. [paɾvu]
'small'
Pr. [páɾβʊlu]dim
O.It [parvolo]
It. [pargolo]
'boy'
pustula blister malis clavis[ο] CL clavus had this sense as well, although its main meaning was 'nail'. Pr. [kláːβu]
O.Fr [klɔw]
Fr. [klu]
'nail, pustule'
O.Oc [klaw][xvii]
Ct. [klaw]
O.It [kjaːvo][III]
Sp. [klaβo]
Po. [kɾavu]
'nail'
regit he rules gubernat CL synonym borrowed from Greek κῠβερνᾰ́ειν. Pr. [gʊβɛ́ɾnat]
O.Fr [govɛrnəθ]
Fr. [guvɛʁnə]
Oc. [ɡuβɛɾnɔ]
Ct. [guβɛrnə]
It. [govɛrna]
Sp. [ɡoβjeɾna]
Po. [ɡuveɾnɐ] 		Pr. [réːɣɪt]
It. [rɛddʒe]
remetieur he shall remeasure remensurabit Verb based on CL mensura 'measure'. Pr. [mesuráːɾe]
O.Fr [məzurær]
Fr. [məzyʁe]
Oc. [mezyɾa]
Ct. [məzuɾa]
Rs. mesirar
It. [misuraːɾe]
Sp. [mesuɾaɾ]
Po. [mɨzuɾaɾ]
Rm. [məsurare] 		Pr. [metíːɾe]
Sd. [meðiɾɛ]
Sp. [meðiɾ]
Po. [mɨðiɾ]
repente suddenly subito CL synonym. Pr. [sú:βɪto]
O.Fr [sups][IV]
Oc. [sytte]
Ct. [soptə] 		—
Pr. [suβɪtá:nu]
O.Fr [sodejn]
Fr. [sudɛ̃]
reppererunt they found invenerunt CL synonym. O.Fr *envindrent [V]
res thing causa CL for 'subject matter'. Pr. [káu̯sa]
O.Fr [tʃozə]
Fr. [ʃozə]
Oc. [kawzɔ]
Ct. [kɔzə]
Rs. chossa
It. [kɔːza]
Dl. [kawsa]
O.Sd [kasa]
Sp. [kosa]
Po. [kowza] 		Pr. [rɛ́s]
Oc. [res]
Ct. [rɛs]
'nothing'
Pr. [rɛ́ːne]
O.Fr [rjɛn]
'thing'
Fr. [ʁjɛ̃]
Oc. dial. ren
O.Po ren
'nothing'
respectant they look back rewardant Frankish *wardōn 'watch over, protect'. O.Fr [rəgwardənt]
Fr. [ʁəɡaʁdə.t]
Oc. [ɡwaɾðan]
Ct. [ɡwaɾðən]
Rs. vurdan
It. [rigwardano]
Sp. [gwaɾðan]
Po. [ɡwaɾðɐ̃w̃] 		Pr. [respɛ́ktant]
It. [rispɛttano]
Po. [ʁɨʃpɐjtɐ̃w̃]
'they respect'
restant they stay remanent CL synonym Pr. [remáːnent]
O.Fr [rəmajnənt] 		—
reus guilty culpabilis LL synonym composed of culpa 'blame' and -abilis 'worthy of'. Pr. [kʊlpáːβɪle]
O.Fr [kolpablə]
Fr. [kupablə]
Oc. [kulpable]
It. [kolpeːvole]
'guilty' 		Pr. [ríu]
It. [rio]
Dl. [ri]
Rm. [rəw]
'bad, evil'
reveretur he fears verecundatur CL for 'he feels shame'. Pr. [veɾɣʊ́ndat]
O.Fr [vergondəθ] 		—
rostrum beak beccus CL borrowing of Gaulish *bekkos. Pr. [bɛ́kkʊs]
O.Fr [bɛs]		 Pr. [róstru]
Rm. [rost]
'mouth'
Pr. [bɛ́kku]
O.Fr [bɛk]
Fr. [bɛk]
Oc. [bɛk]
Ct. [bɛk]
It. [bekko]
Sp. [piko]
Po. [biku]
rufa reddish sora Frankish *saur. Fr. [sɔʁə]
'smoked'
Oc. [sawɾɔ]
'yellow'
Ca. [sawɾə]
'dark yellow'		 —
ruga wrinkle fruncetura Frankish *hrunkja with Romance suffix -tura. O.Fr [frontsəˈðurə]
Fr. [fʁɔ̃syʁə]
Ct. [fɾunsiˈðuɾə]		 Pr. [rúːɣa]
O.Fr [ruə]
Fr. [ʁyə]
Oc. dial [ryɔ]
'street'
It. [ruga]
'wrinkle'
Arm. rugã
'sheep-gate'
rupem rock petram CL borrowing from Greek πέτρα. Pr. [pɛ́ːtɾa]
O.Fr [pjɛðrə]
Fr. [pjɛrə]
Oc. [pɛjɾɔ]
Ct. [peðɾə]
Dl. [pitra]
It. [pjɛtra]
Sp. [pjeðɾa]
Po. [pɛðɾɐ]
Rm. [pjatrə] 		Pr. [rúːpe]
It. [ruːpe]
'cliff'
saga a covering cortina LL for 'curtain', from an earlier CL term for a type of cauldron. The sense evolution is unclear. Pr. [koɾtíːna]
Fr. [kuχtinə]
Oc. [kuɾtinɔ]
Ct. [kurtinə]
It. [kortiːna]
Sp. [koɾtina]
O.Po [koɾtiɲa][VI]
'curtain' 		Pr. [sáːɣa]
Fr. [sɛə]
O.Sp [saja]
Po. [sajɐ]
'skirt'
sagma packsaddle soma The same word after a number of Romance developments. Attested as salma in Isidore. Pr. [sálma]
Fr. [sɔmə]
'packsaddle'
Oc. [sawmɔ]
'female donkey'
Ct. [saɫmə]
'ton'
It. [soma]
'load'
or [salma]
'corpse' 		—
sella CL synonym Pr. [sɛ́ɭɭa]
Fr. [sɛlə]
Oc. [sɛlɔ]
Ct. [seʎə]
Dl. [sjala]
It. [sɛlla]
Sd. [sɛɖɖa]
Sic. [sɛɖɖa]
Sp. [siʎa]
Po. [sɛlɐ]
Rm. [ʃa]
'saddle'
saniore healthier plus sano Periphrase, 'more healthy'. Synthetic construction typical of Romance. Pr. [plus sáːnu]
O.Fr [plus sajn]
Fr. [ply sɛ̃]
Oc. [pys sa]
It. [pjus.saːno]
Sd. [pɾus sannu]
sarcina package bisatia CL bisaccium 'double-sack'. Pr. [bɪsácca]
Fr. [bəzasə]
Oc. [bjasɔ]
It. [bizattʃa]		 Pr. [sáɾkɪna]
Rm. [sartʃinə]
Arm. sartsinã
sartago pan patella CL synonym Pr. [patɛ́ɭɭa]
O.Fr [paðɛlə]
Fr. [pwɑlə]
Oc. [paðɛlɔ]
Ct. [pəeʎə]
Rs. padella
It. [padɛlla]
Sic. [parɛɖɖa]
Sp. [paila] 		Pr. [saɾtáːɣɪne]
Oc. [saɾtaŋ]
Sp. [saɾten]
Po. [sɨɾtɐ̃]
scinifes gnats cincellas Likely onomatopoeic. Pr. [tsjintsjáːlas]
O.Fr [tsintsæləs]
It. [dzandzaːɾe]
Ven. [zʤiŋsae]
Rm. [tsɨntsarʲ]masc 		—
segetes crops messes CL synonym Pr. [mɛ́sses]
It. [mɛssi]
Sp. [mjeses]
Po. [mesɨʃ]
Pr. [messjóːnes]
O.Fr [mejsons]
Fr. [mwasɔ̃z]
Oc. [mejsus]
semel once una vice Romance periphrase: 'one time', from CL vice 'turn, instance'. Pr. [una βɪ́ke]
O.Fr [unə fejts][VII]
Fr. [ynə fwa]
Oc. [ynɔ βets]
Sp. [una βeθ]
Po. [umɐ veʃ]
sepulta interred sepelita Rare CL variant. Pr. [ɪnsepelíːta]
O.Fr [ensəvəliðə]
Fr. [ɑ̃səvəliə]
Oc. [seβeliðɔ]
It. [seppelliːta]		 Pr. [sepʊ́lta]
Dl. [sepwalta]
It. [sepolta]lit
sindone type of cloth linciolo CL. linteolum 'linen cloth'. Pr. [lintsjɔ́ːlu]
O.Fr [lintswɛl]
Fr. [lɛ̃sœl]
Oc. [lensɔl]
Ct. [ʎənsɔɫ]
Rs. lenziel
Dl. [lentsul]
It. [lentswɔːlo]
Sd. [leθolu]
Sp. [lenθwelo]
Po. [lẽsɔɫ] 		Pr. [sindóːne]
It. [sindoːne]
singulariter alone solamente Romance grammaticalization of CL ablative absolutes such as sollicita mente 'assiduously'. Pr. [solamɛ́nte]
O.Fr [soləment]
Fr. [sœləmɑ̃]
Oc. [sulɔmen]
Ct. [soləmen]
It. [solamente]
Sp. [solamente]
Po. [sɔmẽntɨ] 		—
si vis if you wish si voles Pr. voles was constructed from such CL conjugations as volunt 'they wish'.[32] Pr. [si βɔ́ːles]
O.Fr [si vwɛls]
Fr. *[si vøz]
Oc. [se βɔles]
Ct. [si βɔls]
Rs. sche vuls
Dl. [se bule]
It. [sev.vwɔi]
solutis set free, absolved disligatis Negating prefix dis applied to CL ligare 'link, join'. Pr. [dɪslɪɣáːtos]
O.Fr [desljæts]
Fr. [delje]
Oc. [desliɣats]
Ct. [dəzʎiɣats]
Sp. [desliɣaðos]
Po. [desliɣaðuʃ] 		Pr. [solúːtos]acc
O.Fr [soluts]
O.Oc [soluts]
'resolved, paid'
Pr. [dɪslɪɣáːti]
It. [sligaːti]
Rm. [dezlegatsj] 		Pr. [sɔ́ltos]acc
O.Fr [sɔlts]
O.Ct [sɔlts]
'resolved, paid'
Sp. [sweltos]
Po. [soɫtuʃ]
'loose, free'
Pr. [sɔ́lti]nom
It. [sɔlti]
'released'
sortileus fortune teller sorcerus CL sorte 'fortune' with occupational suffix -arius. Pr. [sortsjáːɾju]acc
O.Fr [sortsjær]
Fr. [sɔχsje] 		—
spatula palm frond rama palmarum Periphrase, 'palm-tree branch'. Rama comes from the Pr. collective form[33] of CL ramus 'branch'. Pr. [ráːma]
O.Fr [rajmə]
Fr. [ʁamə][VIII]
O.Oc [rama]
Ct. [ramə]
Sp. [rama]
'branch'
Pr. [pálmas]
O.Fr [palməs]
Fr. [pomə.z]
Oc. [pawmɔs]
Ct. [paɫməs]
Dl. [puo̯lme]
It. [palme]
Sd. [paɾmas]
Sp. [palmas]
Po. [paɫmɐʃ]
Rm. [palme]
stercora excrements femus CL fimus, a synonym. Pr. [fɛ́ːmʊs]
O.Fr [fjɛns]
Oc. [fens]
Ct. [fem] 		Pr. [ɪstɛ́ɾku]
It. [stɛrko]
Po. [iʃteɾku]
Rm. [ʃterk]
Pr. [ɪstɛ́ɾkoɾe]
Sp. [estjeɾkol]
submersi drowned necati CL for 'murdered'. See necetur. Pr. [sʊmmɛ́rsi]
It. [sommɛrsi]
subtilissima very thin perpittita Of unknown origin. Per is a CL intensifying prefix. Pr. [pɪttíːta]
Fr. [pətitə] 		Pr. [sʊptíːle]
O.Fr [sotil]
O.Oc sotil
O.Ct sotil
It. [sottiːle]
Sd. [ˈsuttilɛ]
Rm. [suptsire]
succendunt they set ablaze sprendunt CL prendunt 'they seize' with prefix ex. Pr. [espɾɛ́ndʊnt]
O.Fr [esprɛnənt]
Fr. [epχɛnə.t] 		—
sudario priest's gown fanonem Frankish *fano. The original sense of sudarium was 'sweat-cloth', composed of sudor 'sweat' and locational suffix -ario. O.Fr [faˈnon]
Fr. [fanɔ̃]
'papal gown' 		Pr. [suðaɾjɔ́ːlu]dim
Dl. [sedarul]
'handkerchief'
sulcis furrows rige Gaulish *rica. O.Fr [ˈrejəs]
Fr. [ʁɛə.z]
Oc. [reɣos] 		Pr. [sʊ́lki]nom
It. [solki]
O.Rm [sulkj]
Pr. [sʊ́lcos]acc
Ct. [soɫks]
Sd. [suɾkɔzɔ]
Sp. [suɾkos]
Po. [sukuʃ]
sus pig porcus CL synonym. See entry for aper. Sd. sue
talpas moles muli Frankish *mul. O.Fr [muˈlot]dim
Fr. [mylo]
'field mouse' 		Pr. [tálpa]
O.Fr [talpə]
Fr. [topə]
Oc. [talpɔ]
Ct. [taɫp]masc
It. [talpa]
Gal. [towpa]
Sp. [topo]masc
Po. dial toupa[IX]
tectum roof solarium CL for 'roof-terrace'. Sol 'sun' with locational suffix -arium. Pr. [soláːɾju]
O.Fr [soljær]
Fr. dial. [sɔlje]
Oc. [sulɛ]
'loft' 		Pr. [téktu]
O.Fr [tejt]
Fr. [twa]
Oc. [tetʃ]
or [tet]
Rs. tetg
Dl. [tjat]
It. [tetto]
Sp. [tetʃo]
Po. [tɛtu]
tedet it annoys anoget The ⟨g⟩ represents /j/.[35] The scribe has failed to Latinize the spelling to inodiat, a Romance verb derived from CL odium 'hate'. Pr. [ɪnɔ́ːʝat]
O.Fr [anujəθ]
Fr. [ɑ̃nɥiə]
Oc. [anydʒɔ]
Ct. [ənudʒə]
Sp. [enoxa]
Po. [inoʒɐ] 		—
tedio monotony tepiditas Noun version of CL tepidum 'lukewarm'. Pr. [tɛ́ːpɪðu]
O.Fr [tjɛvə]
Fr. [tjɛdə]
Oc. [tɛβi]
Ct. [tɛβi]
It. [tjɛːpido]
Sp. [tiβjo]
Po. [tiβju]
'lukewarm'
tereo[π] I thresh tribulo Verb based on CL tribulum 'threshing-board', itself composed of tero and the instrumental suffix -bulum. Pr. [tɾíβlo]
O.Fr [triblə~triu̯lə]
Ct. [tɾiʎu]
It. [tribbjo]
Sd. triulo
Sp. [tɾiʎo]
Po. [tɾiʎu]
teristrum veil cufia Frankish *kuffja. O.Fr cofie
Fr. [kwafə]
O.Oc kofa
vitta CL for 'headband'. Pr. [βɪ́tta]
O.Fr [vetə]
Ct. [bɛtə]
It. [vetta]
Sp. [beta]
Po. [fitɐ]
Rm. [batə]
torax cuirass brunia Frankish *brunnia. O.Fr bronie
Fr. [bʁwaɲə]
O.Oc bronha
trabem beam trastrum From CL transtrum 'crossbeam'. O.Fr tref < trabem could mean 'tent' as well. Pr. [tɾástu]
O.Fr [trastə]
'crossbeam'
Sp. [tɾasto]
Po. [tɾaʃtɨ]
'junk' 		See mastus.
Pr. [tɾastɛ́ɭɭu]dim
O.Fr [træstel]
Fr. [tχeto]
'trestle'
transferent they will carry over transportent CL ferre 'carry' was displaced in Romance by portare, originally a less common synonym. Pr. [tɾaspɔ́ɾtant]
O.Fr [trespɔrtənt]
O.It [trapɔrtano] 		—
transgredere go past ultra alare Ultra is CL for 'beyond'. Alare is a Latinized spelling of O.Fr aler 'go'[35] of disputed origin. O.Fr *oltraler
transmeare to swim across transnotare Pr. *notare 'swim' is CL natare.after vowel dissimilation. Pr. [tɾaznotáːɾe]
O.Fr *tresnoder
O.It [tranotaːɾe]
Pr. [notáːɾe]
O.Fr [noðær]
Rs. nodar
Dl. [notuo̯r]
O.It [notaːɾe][X]
O.Rm [notare]
Pr. [natáːɾe]
Oc. [naða]
Ct. [nəða]
Sp. [naðaɾ]
Po. [nɐðaɾ]
tugurium hut cavana Of obscure origin. Pr. [kapánna]
O.Fr [tʃavanə]
Oc. [kaβanɔ]
It. [kapanna]
Sp. [kaβaɲa]
Po. [kɐβɐnɐ]
turibulum incense burner incensarium LL incensum with locational suffix -arium. Pr. [ɪnkensáːɾju]
O.Fr [entsensjær]
'incense burner'
Fr. [ɑ̃sɑ̃sje]
'rosemary'
thurmas crowds fulcos Frankish *fulc. O.Fr [fols]
Fr. [fulə.z]fem
O.Oc. folcs 		Pr. [tʊ́ɾmas]
It. [torme]
Fri. torme
Sd. [tɾumas]
Rm. [turmə]
Alb. turmë
tutamenta defenses defendementa CL defendere 'protect' with instrumental suffix -mentum. O.Fr defendements —
uecors foolish, senseless esdarnatus Frankish *darn. Fr. dial [daʁnə]
'stumbling, impulsive'
ueru roasting-spit spidus Frankish *spit. O.Fr [esˈpejts]nom Pr. [βerrʊ́klu][XI]
O.Fr [veroʎ]
Fr. [vɛʁu][XII]
Oc. [barul]
O.Sp [βeroʒo][XIII]
O.Po [veroʎu][XIV]
'door-bolt'
O.Fr [esˈpejt]acc
Fr. [epwa]
Sp. [espeto]
Po. [iʃpetu]
uespertiliones bats calves sorices In CL this would mean 'bald mice'. Pr. [kálβas soríːkes]
O.Fr [tʃalvəs sorits]
Fr. [ʃofsuʁiz] 		Pr. [βespeɾtɛ́ɭɭu]dim
O.It [vispistrɛllo]
It. [pipistrɛllo]
Ast. esperteyo
uestis garment rauba Frankish *rauba 'spoils of war, garments' O.Fr [rɔbə]
Fr. [ʁɔbə]
Oc. [rawβɔ]
Ct. [rɔβə]
It. [rɔːba]
Sp. [ropa]
Po. [ʁowpɐ] 		Pr. [βestɪmɛ́ntu]
O.Fr [vestəment]
Fr. [vɛtəmɑ̃]
Rs. büschmaint
Dl. [vestemjant]
Rm. [veʃmɨnt]
uim power fortiam CL fortia 'strong' reinterpreted as a feminine noun. Pr. [fɔ́ɾtsja]
O.Fr [fɔrtsə]
Fr. [fɔχsə]
Oc. [fɔɾsɔ]
Ct. [fɔɾsə]
Rs. forza
It. [fɔrtsa]
Sp. [fweɾθa]
Po. [foɾsɐ] 		—
uiscera guts intralia Analogous CL interanea, from Pre-Latin *interus 'inside' with adjective suffix -anea. Pr. [ɪntɾáʎʎas]
O.Fr [entraʎəs]
Fr. [ɑ̃tχajə.z]
Oc. [entɾaʎɔs]
Pr. [ɪntɾáɲɲas]
O.Fr [entɾaɲəs]
Ct. [əntɾaɲəs]
Sp. [entɾaɲas]
Po. [ẽntɾɐɲɐʃ]
ungues fingernails ungulas CL for 'claws' diminutive of ungues. Pr. [ʊ́ŋglas]

O.Fr [oŋɡləs]

Fr. [ɔ̃ɡlə.z]

Oc. [uŋɡlɔs]

Ct. [uŋɡləs]

Rs. [uŋgləs]

It. [uŋɡje]

Dl. [ongle]

Sd. [uŋgɾas]

Sp. [uɲas]

Po. [uɲɐʃ]

Rm. [uŋɡʲ]

uorax devouring manducans CL for 'chewing'. Manducare later became the standard word for 'eat' in most Romance languages. Pr. [mandukánte]acc
O.Fr [mandʒjant]
Fr. [mɑ̃ʒɑ̃]
Oc. [mandʒjan]
O.It [manikante]
Sd. [mandiɣandɛ]
urguet he urges onward adastat Frankish *haist 'haste'. O.Oc [adasta][40]
usuris interest on a loan lucris CL for 'profits, wealth'. Pr. [lʊ́kɾi]nom
Arom. lucri
'objects'
Pr. [lʊ́kɾos]acc
O.Fr [lojrs]
'revenues, assets'
Sp. [loɣɾos]
Po. [loɣɾuʃ]
'achievements'
utere use usitare CL freq. of utere. Pr. [úːsa]
Fr. [yzə]
Oc. [yzɔ]
Ct. [uzə]
It. [uːza]
Sp. [usa]
Po. [uzɐ]
utres wineskins folli CL folles 'leather bags, bellows'. Pr. [fɔ́ɭɭes]
O.Fr [fɔls]
Fr. [fuz]
Oc. [fɔls]
Ct. [foʎs]
It. [fɔlli]
'madmen, fools'
Sd. [fɔɖɖɛzɛ]
Sp. [fweʎes]
Po. [fɔlɨʃ]
Rm. [fo̯ale]
'bellows' 		Pr. [ʊ́tɾes]
O.Fr [ostrəs]
Fr. [utχə.z]
It. [otri]
Sp. [oðɾes]
Po. [oðɾɨʃ]
Arom. utri
uuas grapes racemos CL for 'clusters, bunches' often in reference to grapes. Pr. [rakíːmos].
O.Fr [rajdzins]
Fr. [ʁɛzɛ̃z]
Oc. [razins]
Ct. [rəims]
'grapes'
Sp. [raθimos]
Po. [ʁɐsimuʃ]
'clusters'		 Pr. [úːβas]
Rs. ieuvas
It. [uːve]
Dl. [jojve]
Sp. [uβas]
Po. [uvɐʃ]
Rm. dial aue
Pr. [rakíːmʊli]dim
It. [raʧiːmoli]
'clusters'

Notes

  1. ^ Read: abeo.
  2. ^ Read: abietarii.
  3. ^ Read: castro.
  4. ^ Read: crabrones.
  5. ^ Read: cribro.
  6. ^ Read: cingulum.
  7. ^ Read: furentur.
  8. ^ Read: habenas.
  9. ^ Read: harundine.
  10. ^ Read: hebetatum.
  11. ^ Read: hyacinthinas.
  12. ^ Read: labrum.
  13. ^ Read: papula.
  14. ^ Read: polenta.
  15. ^ Read: malus clavus.
  16. ^ Read: tero.
  1. ^ The [js] ending is of uncertain origin. It may have been taken from *trasjo < Classical Latin transeo 'I cross'.[4] The resulting *vawsjo would then yield vois by regular developments.
  2. ^ Old Spanish had [βo], as expected. The origin of the later [j] is debated. It may either reflect O.Sp y 'there' or be the result of contamination from the following pronoun in the phrase vo-yo 'I go'.[5]
  3. ^ Compound of porcu 'pig' and abru < Pr. apru 'boar'.
  4. ^ Which, combined with the definite article al, was borrowed into Spanish as [alˈkaθaɾ].
  5. ^ With remnants of the prefix ex.[11]
  6. ^ Initial consonant probably taken from Latin perdix, 'partridge'.[13]
  7. ^ Variant of O.Fr [vɛspəs] (from CL vespas) with the initial consonant taken from the Frankish word.[14] Germanic /w/ was borrowed into Romance as /gw/.[15]
  8. ^ In the Sursilvan dialect, masculine singular -s survives as a predicative ending in adjectives. E.g. il paun ei cars 'the bread is expensive'.[17]
  9. ^ Unexpected [i] due to influence from unrelated chemin 'path, way' via folk-etymology.[24]
  10. ^ Future stem of aller 'to go'.
  11. ^ With spontaneous and irregular nasalization.[25]
    Old Portuguese had the expected form [si].
  12. ^ Still refers to a measure of land in some dialects.[26]
  13. ^ [ad] possibly taken from O.Sp granada.[27]
  14. ^ With spontaneous and irregular nasalization.[25]
  15. ^ Nasalization came from an /n/ that was added in Middle French, under the influence of CL monstrare.[29]
  16. ^ Restoration of intervocalic /p/ possibly the result of onomatopoeia for the fluttering of a butterfly's wings.[30]
  17. ^ Later replaced by dim. [klaˈβɛl] in order to distinguish it from [klaw] 'key'.
  1. ^ In O.Fr the initial vowel of this verb could be either [a] or [ɛ] depending on stress. Consider the following examples:
    Pr. [ˈaːmat] 'he loves' > [ˈajməθ] > [ˈɛmə]
    Pr. [aˈmaːta] 'beloved' > [aˈmæðə] > [aˈmɛə]
    Subsequently [ɛ] spread to all conjugations, resulting in modern French [ɛme] 'beloved' instead of *[ame].[16]
  2. ^ Modern [despoxaɾon]
  3. ^ Modern chiodo, influenced by chiudure 'to shut'.
  4. ^ Final -s drawn by analogy from adverbs that already ended with this sound in Latin, such as mielz, mais < melius, magis.[31]
  5. ^ There is a single attestation of the participle envengud in Old French. The word is otherwise nowhere to be found.
  6. ^ Modern [kuɾtinɐ], without palatal [ɲ], possibly borrowed from neighboring languages or Latin.
  7. ^ Devoicing from v to f is unusual and of disputed origin.
  8. ^ The expected outcome would have been [ʁɛmə]. The modern form appears to have taken its initial vowel from the original diminutive rameau, where the a was unstressed and hence did not change to [ɛ].[34]
  9. ^ Replaced in most dialects, including the standard, with toupeira < talparia.
  10. ^ Modern Italian has [nwo'taːɾe], which is an unexpected form. Its origin lies in rhizotonic conjugations of notare, where the initial vowel was diphthongized to [wɔː]. This diphthong later spread to arrhizotonic forms by analogy.[36]
  11. ^ Diminutive of ueru. Geminate r taken from ferru 'iron'.[37]
  12. ^ Back-formation from O.Fr plural [veroʎts] > [verus].[38] The expected outcome of [veroʎ] would have been *[vɛʁuj], cf. fenouil < *fenuclu.
  13. ^ Modern [θeroxo], whose initial consonant was taken from cerrar 'to shut'.[39]
  14. ^ Modern [fɨʁoʎu], whose initial consonant was taken from ferro 'iron'.[39]

References

  1. ^ Quirós, Manuel (1986). "Las Glosas De Reichenau". Filología y Lingüística (in Spanish). 12: 43. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
  2. ^ Diament, H. (1968). "A New Hypothesis of the origin of French Aller". WORD. 24 (1–3): 73–80. doi:10.1080/00437956.1968.11435516.
  3. ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010, pp. 319–320.
  4. ^ Pope 1934, p.362
  5. ^ Lloyd 1994, p. 355-358
  6. ^ Adams 2008, p. 333
  7. ^ Pei, Mario (1941). The Italian Language. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 78, 150.
  8. ^ Marchot, Paul. (1901). Petite phonétique du français prélittéraire VIe - Xe siècles. B. Veith. p. 75. OCLC 490776563.
  9. ^ Fowler, Henry. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-19-969612-3. OCLC 863588999.
  10. ^ Alkire & Rosen 2010, pp. 62–63.
  11. ^ https://dexonline.ro/definitie/schimb
  12. ^ Rossi, Mario, 1928-. Dictionnaire étymologique et ethnologique des parlers brionnais : Bourgogne du Sud. p. 144. ISBN 978-2-7483-0533-3. OCLC 1033714396.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ https://dexonline.ro/definitie/pot%C3%A2rniche
  14. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/gu%C3%AApe
  15. ^ Akire & Rosen 2010, p.53
  16. ^ Akire&Rosen, p. 115)
  17. ^ Loporcaro. Gender from Latin to Romance. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-19-184810-7. OCLC 999667793.
  18. ^ sollar (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2016. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ^ Akire & Rosen 2010, pp. 176–177.
  20. ^ Sampson, Rodney (2011). Nasal vowel evolution in Romance. Oxford University Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-19-823848-7. OCLC 907242046.
  21. ^ Adams 2008, p.315
  22. ^ Kiesler, Reinhard (2006). Einführung in die Problematik des Vulgärlateins (in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer. p. 91.
  23. ^ Posner, Rebecca. (1996). The Romance languages. Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-521-23654-1. OCLC 231685450.
  24. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/chemin%C3%A9e
  25. ^ a b Bichakjian, Bernard Hayck. (1981). From Linguistics to Literature: Romance Studies Offered to Francis M. Rogers. J. Benjamins B.V. p. 32. OCLC 877942077.
  26. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/academie8/journal
  27. ^ https://www.etymonline.com/word/grenade#etymonline_v_11960
  28. ^ Elcock, W. D. (1975). The Romance languages. Faber and Faber. p. 71. OCLC 604561391.
  29. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/montrer
  30. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/papillon
  31. ^ Jensen, Frede. Old French and Comparative Gallo-Romance Syntax. p. 398. ISBN 978-3-11-093816-6. OCLC 979590633.
  32. ^ Anderson, James; Rochet, Bernard (1979). Historical romance morphology. University Microfilms International. p. 267. ISBN 9780835704625.
  33. ^ Jensen, Frede. (1986). The Syntax of Medieval Occitan. p. 3. ISBN 978-3-11-132927-7. OCLC 979596835.
  34. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/rame
  35. ^ a b Alkire & Rosen 2010, p. 320.
  36. ^ Akire & Rosen 2010, p. 113
  37. ^ Malkiel, Yakov. (1983). From Particular to General Linguistics: Selected Essays 1965-1978. With an introduction by the author, an index rerum and an index nominum. John Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 474. ISBN 978-90-272-8315-3. OCLC 742333651.
  38. ^ https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/verrou
  39. ^ a b Malkiel, p. 474
  40. ^ Lévy, Emil. (1973). Petit dictionnaire provençal - français. C. Winter. p. 6. ISBN 3-533-01393-6. OCLC 611288082.

Sources

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