Cifelliodon

Cifelliodon; Temporal range: Lower Cretaceous 139–124 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Genus:	†Cifelliodon; Huttenlocker et al., 2018
Species:	†C. wahkermoosuch
Binomial name
	†Cifelliodon wahkermoosuch; Huttenlocker et al., 2018

Cifelliodon is an extinct genus of haramiyid mammal from the Lower Cretaceous of North America. It is a mammaliaform, and is one of the latest surviving haramiyids yet known, belonging to the family Hahnodontidae. Its discovery led to the proposal to remove hahnodontids from the larger well-known group, the multituberculates.

The sole species in the genus, Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch, was found in the geological rock unit called the Yellow Cat Member, part of the Cedar Mountain Formation in Grand County, Utah. This rock unit dates to between 139-124 million years old. It was found alongside the remains of several dinosaurs - a large iguanodontian, a dromaeosaur, and an ornithopod - and parts of a crocodyliform.^[1]

Etymology

The genus name, Cifelliodon, means Cifelli's tooth, and honours the well-known mammal palaeontologist, Richard Cifelli. The species name, C. wahkarmoosuch comes from the Ute language, and means yellow (wahkar) cat (moosuch).^[1]

Description

The holotype of Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch is an exceptionally well-preserved skull, housed at the Natural History Museum of Utah. The skull measures 70 mm in length, giving an estimated body mass of 0.91-1.27 kg.^[1] The skull is broad and shallow with a reduced tooth count. There is a prominent sagittal crest. Inside the skull on each side are two incisors, a canine, and four postcanines, all of them broken off at the gumline except for the last molars. These last molars had not yet erupted, and so their intact crowns allowed palaeontologists to identify this mammal.^[1]

The preserved skull allowed palaeontologists to see the brain size of Cifelliodon, and they concluded it was a transitional size and shape between earlier stem mammals, and crown mammals. It appears to have had a well-developed sense of smell, as did most mammals in the Mesozoic.

Phylogeny

Previously, scientists had suggested that the hahnodontid mammals belonged to the well-known group of mammals called multituberculates. However, examining the anatomy of Cifelliodon, Huttenlocker et al. (2018) found it to be closely related to Hahnodon and Vintana, and placed them outside of Multituberculata and outside the crown mammals.^[1] This makes hahnodontids a late surviving stem mammal group. It also suggests that there were greater links between the tetrapod animals across the continents in the Cretaceous. Krause et al. (2020) recovered Cifelliodon as a basal member of Allotheria, outside of the clade containing Euharamiyida and 'Multituberculata + Gondwanatheria'. Their analysis did not include Hahnodon; Vintana was recovered within Gondwanatheria.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Huttenlocker AD, Grossnickle DM, Kirkland JI, Schultz JA, Luo Z-X. 2018. Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana. Nature Letters
^ Krause, David; Hoffmann, Simone; Hu, Yaoming; et al. (29 April 2020). "Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity". Nature. 581: 421–427. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2234-8. Previous phylogenetic analyses that include the recently discovered Early Cretaceous purported haramiyidan Cifelliodon advanced the idea that gondwanatherians are nested within Eleutherodontida, basal to the purported Early Cretaceous hahnodontids Hahnodon and Cifelliodon. Although Hahnodon was not included in our analysis because it is represented by only one (or possibly two) isolated teeth, Cifelliodon is recovered at the base of Allotheria, which also includes Euharamiyida and 'Multituberculata + Gondwanatheria'. Our analysis places the haramiyidans Haramiyavia and Thomasia—along with the poorly known taxon Megaconus—outside of Mammaliaformes, with no close relations to allotherians. This finding is in contrast to previous analyses for Vintana and for Jurassic euharamiyidans.

[Huttenlocker2018-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Huttenlocker AD, Grossnickle DM, Kirkland JI, Schultz JA, Luo Z-X. 2018. Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana. Nature Letters

[2] Krause, David; Hoffmann, Simone; Hu, Yaoming; et al. (29 April 2020). "Skeleton of a Cretaceous mammal from Madagascar reflects long-term insularity". Nature. 581: 421–427. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2234-8. Previous phylogenetic analyses that include the recently discovered Early Cretaceous purported haramiyidan Cifelliodon advanced the idea that gondwanatherians are nested within Eleutherodontida, basal to the purported Early Cretaceous hahnodontids Hahnodon and Cifelliodon. Although Hahnodon was not included in our analysis because it is represented by only one (or possibly two) isolated teeth, Cifelliodon is recovered at the base of Allotheria, which also includes Euharamiyida and 'Multituberculata + Gondwanatheria'. Our analysis places the haramiyidans Haramiyavia and Thomasia—along with the poorly known taxon Megaconus—outside of Mammaliaformes, with no close relations to allotherians. This finding is in contrast to previous analyses for Vintana and for Jurassic euharamiyidans.

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