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Georg Konrad Morgen

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Morgen as defence witness, while prisoner at Dachau

Georg Konrad Morgen (8 June 1909 – 4 February 1982) was an SS judge and lawyer who investigated crimes committed in Nazi concentration camps. He rose to the rank of SS-Sturmbannführer (major). After the war, Morgen served as witness at several anti-Nazi trials and continued his legal career in Frankfurt.

Morgen was known as a Blutrichter, or 'blood judge', as a result of being one of the members of the judiciary authorised to issue the death penalty.[1] A mistranslation of this may also be the reason that he earned the nickname 'The Bloodhound Judge', said to be for his determination and doggedness in achieving justice.[2]

Early life and war service

Born to a railwayman in Frankfurt, Morgen graduated from the University of Frankfurt and The Hague Academy of International Law, before becoming a judge in Stettin. He was dismissed for acquitting a teacher who had been brought up on charges of excessive corporal punishment, probably at the instigation of the Hitler Youth.[3] At the outbreak of the war, he entered the Waffen-SS and was sent for basic military training. After the invasion of France in 1940, he was demobilized and employed as a judge in the SS Judiciary, which assigned him to its court in Kraków. In Kraków he investigated several highly placed SS officers for corruption, including Hermann Fegelein, a favorite of Heinrich Himmler's and the future brother-in-law of Eva Braun. He also exposed one of Fegelein's co-conspirators, Jaroslawa Mirowska, as the head of the Polish underground.[4]

After requesting a transfer, Morgen was instead dismissed by Himmler, ostensibly for acquitting an SS officer of the racial crime of sexual relations with an alien race, but also perhaps for meddling in Himmler's affairs.[5] He was punished by being sent to the Wiking Division on the Eastern Front. However, in mid-1943, Himmler recalled Morgen to investigate and prosecute corruption in the concentration camp system, which had become rampant, as reflected in Himmler's notorious Posen speeches.

Morgen's investigations began with Karl-Otto Koch, the commandant of Buchenwald and Majdanek, Koch's wife Ilse Koch, sadistic SS NCO Martin Sommer, and Buchenwald's camp doctor Waldemar Hoven. Charges included theft, military insubordination, and murder.[6] Koch was tried, convicted, and executed shortly before the end of the war. In post-war testimony, Morgen claimed the stories of Frau Koch's fetish with lampshades made of human skin were merely a legend: he had personally searched Koch's home near Buchenwald and found nothing of the kind. He later told the American journalist John Toland that he persisted in denying the story while being threatened with beatings and while actually being beaten twice by his Allied interrogators after the war.[7]

10 June 1947. "10 June. L/r: Defense witness, Dr. Morgen; German radio reporter, Werner Klein; interpreter, Rudolph Nathanson, WDC; and defense attorney, Dr. Wacker. Dr. Morgen was an investigator who came to Buchenwald to investigate Commander Koch, who was in charge at the time. As a result of Dr. Morgen's investigation Koch was arrested and executed. Dr. Morgen is also a prisoner at Dachau."

In addition to prosecuting concentration-camp officers, Morgen sought an arrest warrant for Adolf Eichmann,[8] as Eichmann himself confirmed at his trial in Jerusalem,[9] but Morgen's request was rejected.

During the late summer and fall of 1943, Morgen looked into rumors that Christian Wirth – who was, unbeknownst to Morgen, supervisor of the extermination centers of Operation Reinhard – had permitted SS officers to participate in a drunken Jewish wedding near Lublin.[10] Investigating, he found Wirth presiding over a collection center for vast quantities of clothing and valuables from the victims. On one visit to Lublin, Morgen became an accidental witness to the aftermath of Operation Harvest Festival: the liquidation of three large (Majdanek, Poniatowa, and Trawniki) and several smaller Jewish labor camps in the Lublin area. The operation, ostensibly a preemptive security measure, was said to have been ordered by Himmler on the grounds that the inmates had obtained weapons and made contact with communist partisans active in the surrounding forests.[11] In fact the Jews in each camp were disarmed with negligible resistance and no casualties; and during the mass executions which followed, carried out on the spot over a two-day span, some 43,000 male and female prisoners were shot. Morgen arrived the day after the massacre had ended.[12] He compiled a report from the testimony of eyewitnesses, a portion of which was read out in the pre-trial interrogation of Ernst Kaltenbrunner at Nuremberg: "the men went first, filing into one trench, and later the nude women had their own separate trenches....all passed silently and methodically through the trenches, so the executions went very quickly."[13] (Claims that Morgen was present at the massacre itself, and tried to prevent the industrialist Walter Toebbens from intervening, are unfounded.)[14] Two packages of dental gold, sent by an Auschwitz dental technician to his wife, had been confiscated by postal inspectors and passed on to Morgen for investigation.[15] Realizing that the gold must have been collected from Holocaust victims, Morgen sent an investigative team to Auschwitz and later visited himself, receiving a thorough tour of the killing center at Birkenau. His investigation was not welcomed though; his assistant SS-Stabsscharführer Gerhard Putsch disappeared and the building where evidence files were stored was burned down.[16] Although he could not prosecute the mass extermination of Jews – which, as he explained after the war, was legalized by order of Hitler – he still went on to prosecute the camp commandant Rudolf Höss and the Chief of the camp Gestapo, Maximilian Grabner, for crimes including murder.

Post-war

After the war, Morgen was a witness at the trial of Nazi war criminals at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg, the trial of SS WVHA members, and the 1965 Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt–am–Main.

Morgen claimed after the war that the prosecutions were an attempt to impede the mass extermination, and two scholars who wrote a biography about Morgen found this explanation credible in light of the evidence. [who?] However, the reason for Morgen's opposition can be questioned, and the scholars noted that Morgen "deplored the concentration camp system not in principle but for its corrupting effects on individuals who went on to commit individual crimes."[17]

After the Nuremberg trials, he continued his legal career in Frankfurt.

Morgen appeared in the TV series "World at War", including in the programme "Hitler's Germany : Total War 1939 - 1945" (Part 5 DVD 1 in the DVD boxed set). In the latter he states he cannot understand why Germany kept fighting when it was obvious they were beaten, and how he blamed the leaders of the country for that.

He died on 4 February 1982.[2]

Indicted

Footnotes

  1. ^ letter to Maria Wachter, 12 December 1944, Morgen Nachlass, Fritz Bauer Institut.
  2. ^ a b holocaustresearchproject.org: "Konrad Morgen, 'The Bloodhound Judge', Investigating corruption within the SS" [1]
  3. ^ Morgen's interrogations by the American Counterintelligence Corps, U.S. National Archives, Record Group 238, Microfilm 1019, Roll 47, interrogation of 30 August 1946, pp. 2-3
  4. ^ Memos between Morgen, Norbert Pohl, and Martin Tondock, Nuremberg document NO-2366 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ Morgen's CIC interrogation of 30 August 1946, pp. 18-19
  6. ^ Morgen's Anklageschrift, in Nuremberg document NO-2366
  7. ^ Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. pp. 845-846.
  8. ^ IMT (Blue Volume Series), Vol XX, 514.
  9. ^ The Trial of Adolf Eichmann (1992), Session 39, 15 May 1961, Volume II, p. 712; also accessible at: http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/
  10. ^ IMT (Blue Volume Series), Vol XX, 492-93
  11. ^ Report by Jakob Sporrenberg, Historische Mitteilungen 6 (1993): 250–277.
  12. ^ Morgen's affidavit to the Majdanek-Prozess, dated Düsseldorf 19 September 1973. Landgericht Düsseldorf I 4/71. Bundesarchiv Ludwigsburg B162/2359
  13. ^ IMT (Red Volume series), Supplement Vol. B, pp. 1309-11
  14. ^ The claim appears in Dan Kurzman (1976), The Bravest Battle - the Twenty-Eight days of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, p. 345.
  15. ^ Morgen's testimony at the Frankfurt Auschwitz Prozess, Published as Der Auschwitz-Prozess : Tonbandmitschnitte, Protokolle, Dokumente, 25. Verhandlungstag 9.3.1964 (Berlin: Direct Media Publishing, 2004), pp. 5550–5693.
  16. ^ Cawthorne, Nigel (2012). The Story of the SS. Arcturus Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 1848589476.
  17. ^ Herlinde Pauer-Studer; J. David Velleman (2015). Konrad Morgen: The Conscience of a Nazi Judge. Palgrave. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-1-349-50504-3.

References

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