Luttif Afif

Luttif Afif (Template:Lang-ar; 1937^[1] or 1945^[2] – 6 September 1972), alias Issa (Jesus in Arabic), was the commander of the eight member attack team from Palestinian terrorist group Black September^[3] who led the Munich massacre, an invasion into the Munich Olympic Village on 5 September 1972 taking nine members of Israel's Olympic team hostage after killing two members who had resisted. He was the chief negotiator on behalf of the Palestinians, who were members of the Black September offshoot of Yassir Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization. Afif and four of his compatriots were killed by German snipers at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase outside of Munich.

Early life

All that is known of Afif's early life is gleaned from conversations he had with Munich policewoman Annaliese Graes during the hostage crisis. It may be safely presumed that none of the statements below are definitive or verifiable.^{[citation needed]}

Luttif Afif was born in Nazareth. His mother was Jewish, while his father was a wealthy Christian Arab businessman from Nazareth.^[4]^[5] Afif had three other brothers, all were in Black September, two of whom were in Israeli jails.^[6] In 1958 he moved to West Germany to study engineering, learned the language and then moved to France to work.^[5]^[7]

According to Reeve, he enjoyed the time spent in Europe, but joined Fatah in 1966, possibly while residing in Germany. Issa returned to the Middle East to fight several battles against Israeli soldiers.^[8]

Abu Iyad, the head of Black September, wrote that both Afif and his second in command Tony had both fought in Amman in September 1970 and in the battle of Jerash and Ajlun in July 1971.^[8] In the early 1970s, he was living in Berlin and was engaged to a young German woman.^[9]

The Munich massacre

According to several sources, including Serge Groussard and Simon Reeve, Afif claimed that his own personal reason for taking the Israelis hostage was to get his two brothers out of Israeli prisons. Afif was described by Manfred Schreiber, chief of the Munich police and one of the German negotiators, as "very cool and determined, clearly fanatical in his convictions" who expressed his demands in a forceful manner and at times "sounded like [one of] those people who aren't completely anchored in reality."^[10]

For Walther Tröger, then-Mayor of the Olympic Village, Afif gave the impression of being an "intelligent and reasonable man," unlike his comrades, who in the eyes of the Olympic official were "gallow birds" (German: Galgenvögel). Tröger said of course he did not like Afif because of what he was doing, but he could have liked him if he had met him elsewhere.^[11]

Afif spent most of his time in front of 31 Connollystraße chatting with either the German delegation or the young policewoman Anneliese Graes. According to Graes, Afif spoke fluent German with a French accent.^[12] She described him as "always polite and correct." When he was asked not to wave his hand grenade in front of her, he simply laughed and replied, "you have nothing to fear from me".^[13] Graes also found the terrorist leader more peculiar. He explained how he had worked in the Olympic Village 'Milk Bar' and had enjoyed dancing around in front of the bar, though Graes did not believe him.^[11] Afif told Graes he had worked in France for several years and every now and again would drop the phrase "oo-la-la" into their conversations.^[13]

After tense negotiations, the hostage crisis ended after 21 hours with a bungled ambush of the hostage takers at Fürstenfeldbruck airbase outside of Munich. Afif and four of his compatriots were killed by German snipers, but not before machine-gunning all nine remaining hostages and blowing up a helicopter containing four of them with a hand grenade. Afif is reported in most accounts of the event (and depicted in the films Munich and 21 Hours at Munich) as the guerrilla who threw the hand grenade into the eastern helicopter.^[14] Autopsy reports show that the hostages in this helicopter were shot as well; it stands to reason that Afif performed both actions. Another fedayeen, identified by Simon Reeve as Adnan Al-Gashey, then machine-gunned the remaining hostages in the western helicopter seconds after.^[15]

The bodies of Afif and his four compatriots were turned over to Libya, and after a procession from Tripoli's Martyrs' Square, were buried in the Sidi Munaidess Cemetery.^[16]

In literature and cinema

In Serge Groussard's The Blood of Israel, Issa was misidentified as Mohammed Safady, one of the Munich gunmen who actually survived the Fürstenfeldbruck gunfight. Another identity was suggested for Issa in Aaron Klein's Striking Back; he identifies the terrorist leader as Mohammed Massalha, who turned out to be Afif's own father.

Afif has been portrayed by Franco Nero in the 1976 TV movie 21 Hours at Munich, and by French actor Karim Saleh in Steven Spielberg's film Munich (2005).

Sources

References

^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September: the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 1. ISBN 1-55970-547-7./
^ Large, David Clay (2012). Munich 1972 tragedy, terror, and triumph at the Olympic Games. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7425-6741-2.
^ David Clay Large. Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games: p196. [1]
^ David Clay Large (2012). Munich 1972: Tragedy, Terror, and Triumph at the Olympic Games. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9780742567399.
^ ^a ^b "Indiana Spielberg and His Jewish ProblemThe American Spectator". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-08-27.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September: the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 40. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Large, David Clay (2012). Munich 1972 tragedy, terror, and triumph at the Olympic Games. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-7425-6741-2.
^ ^a ^b Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 40. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September: the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. p. 40. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 50. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ ^a ^b Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 60. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 15. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ ^a ^b Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 61. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Jonas, George (1984). Vengeance : the true story of an Israeli counter-terrorist team. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-671-50611-7.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 121. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.
^ Reeve, Simon (2000). One day in September : the full story of the 1972 Munich Olympics massacre and the Israeli revenge operation "Wrath of God" (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Arcade. pp. 147. ISBN 1-55970-547-7.