Banded martin
| Banded martin | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Hirundinidae |
| Genus: | Riparia |
| Species: | R. cincta
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| Binomial name | |
| Riparia cincta (Boddaert, 1783)
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The banded martin or banded sand martin (Riparia cincta) is a small passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae that is endemic to Africa.
Taxonomy
The banded martin was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope.[2] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[3] Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Hirundo cincta in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées.[4]
The banded martin is now one of six species placed in the genus Riparia that was introduced in 1817 by the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster.[5][6] The genus name is from the Latin riparius which means "of the riverbank"; it is derived from the Latin ripa "riverbank". The specific epithet cincta is from Latin cinctus meaning "banded". [7]
Five subspecies are recognised:[6]
- R. c. erlangeri Reichenow, 1905 – Ethiopia
- R. c. suahelica van Someren, 1922 – south Sudan and west Kenya to north Zimbabwe and west Mozambique
- R. c. parvula Amadon, 1954 – north Angola, southwest DR Congo and northwest Zambia
- R. c. xerica Clancey & Irwin, 1966 – west and south Angola, north Namibia and north Botswana
- R. c. cincta (Boddaert, 1783) – southeast Botswana, south Zimbabwe and South Africa
Description
The 15–17 cm (5.9–6.7 in) long banded martin has earth-brown upper parts, except for a white stripe above the eye. Its underparts are white, as are the underwing coverts, and it has a dark brown breast band, and sometimes a thin dark line across the vent. Sexes are similar, but the young have a paler breast band and golden tips to the upper part feathers.
It is the largest Riparia species and is easily distinguished from the smaller sand martin by its square tail and white on the underwings, and from the brown-throated sand martin by its white throat. It is less gregarious than those species, and is typically seen in pairs or small flocks.
The subspecies differ in size and in the plumage tones of the upper parts or breast band. The nominate R. c. cincla of southern Africa is the palest form.
Distribution and habitat
The banded martin is found in open habitats such as farmland, grassland and savannah, usually near water. It breeds across Africa from Cameroon and Zaire to Ethiopia south to the Cape in South Africa, although it is absent from the driest regions of western South Africa and southern Namibia.
The southern nominate subspecies of South Africa and Zimbabwe, is migratory, wintering further north, particularly in the west, where it can move sometimes as far as Gambia. R. c. xerica also leaves its drier breeding grounds in Botswana and northern Namibia in the southern winter. Other subspecies undertake local or altitudinal movements often dependent on the rainfall pattern.
Behaviour and ecology
This species has a slow erratic flight and frequently perches. Its diet consists of insects, usually taken in flight over grassland. The flight call is che-che-che, and the song is a twittering jumble of chip choop sounds.
The banded martin, unlike the other members of its genus, is not colonial in its nesting habits. Its nest is at the end of a 60–90 cm (24–35 in) long tunnel usually excavated by the birds in a natural sand bank or earth mound. The actual nest is a litter of straw and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow. The two to five white eggs are incubated by both parents.
References
- ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Riparia cincta". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "L'hirondelle brune et blanche à ceinture brune". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. Volume 12. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 450–451.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Hirondelle brun à collier, du Cap de Bonne-esperance". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. Volume 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 723 Fig. 1.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton : avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 45, Number 723 Fig. 1.
- ^ Forster, T. (1817). A Synoptical Catalogue of British Birds; intended to identify the species mentioned by different names in several catalogues already extant. Forming a book of reference to Observations on British ornithology. London: Nichols, son, and Bentley. p. 17.
- ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Swallows". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 107, 336. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Sinclair, Hockey and Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa, ISBN 1-86872-721-1
- Turner, Angela K; Chris Rose (1989). Swallows & martins : an identification guide and handbook. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-51174-7.
External links
- Banded martin - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.