Kutha
Kutha, Cuthah, Gudua | |
 | |
  Shown within Iraq | |
| Location | Babil Governorate, Iraq |
|---|---|
| Region | Mesopotamia |
| Coordinates | 32°45′36.1″N 44°36′46.3″E / 32.760028°N 44.612861°E |
| Type | tell |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1881 |
| Archaeologists | Hormuzd Rassam |
Kutha, Cuthah, Cuth or Cutha (Arabic: كُوثَا, Sumerian: Gudua), modern Tell Ibrahim (Arabic: تَلّ إِبْرَاهِيم), formerly known as Kutha Rabba (Arabic: كُوثَىٰ رَبَّا), is an archaeological site in Babil Governorate, Iraq. Archaeological investigations have revealed remains of the Neo-Babylonian period and Kutha appears frequently in historical sources such.[nb 1]
History of archaeological research
The first archaeologist to examine the site, George Rawlinson, noted a brick of king Nebuchadrezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire mentioning the city of Kutha. The site was also visited by George Smith and by Edgar James Banks.[1] Tell Ibrahim was excavated by Hormuzd Rassam in 1881, for four weeks. Little was discovered, mainly some inscribed bowls and a few tablets.[2][3]
Kutha and its environment
Kutha lies on the right bank of the eastern branch of the Upper Euphrates, north of Nippur and around 25 miles (40 km) northeast of Babylon. The site consists of two tells or settlement mounds. The larger main mound is 0.75 miles (1.21 km) long and crescent-shaped. A smaller mound is located to the west. The two mounds, as is typical in the region, are separated by the dry bed of an ancient canal, the Shatt en-Nil.
Kutha in textual sources
According to the Tanakh, Cuthah was one of the five Syrian and Mesopotamian cities from which Sargon II, King of Assyria, brought settlers to take the places of the exiled Israelites (2 Kings 17:24–30). II Kings relates that these settlers were attacked by lions, and interpreting this to mean that their worship was not acceptable to the deity of the land, they asked Sargon to send an Israelite priest, exiled in Assyria, to teach them, which he did.
The result was a mixture of religions and peoples, the latter being known as "Cuthim" in Hebrew and as "Samaritans" to the Greeks.[4]
Kutha is also the name of the capital of the Sumerian underworld, Irkalla.[5]
In the Assyrian inscriptions "Cutha" occurs on the Shalmaneser obelisk, line 82, in connection with Babylon. Shulgi (formerly read as Dungi), King of Ur III, built the temple of Nergal at Cuthah,[6] which fell into ruins, so that Nebuchadnezzar II had to rebuild the "temple of the gods, and placed them in safety in the temple".[7] This agrees with the Biblical statement that the men of Cuthah served Nergal.[8] Josephus places Cuthah, which for him is the name of a river and of a district,[9] in Persia, and Neubauer[10] says that it is the name of a country near Kurdistan.
The so-called "Legend of the King of Cuthah", a fragmentary inscription of the Akkadian literary genre called narû, written as if it were transcribed from a royal stele, is in fact part of the "Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin", not to be read as history, a copy of which found in the cuneiform library at Sultantepe, north of Harran.[11]
Sumu-la-El, a king of the 1st Babylonian Dynasty, rebuilt the city walls of Kutha.[12] The city was later defeated by Hammurabi of Babylon in the 39th year of his reign.[13]
Ibn Sa'd in his Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra writes that the maternal grandfather of Abraham, Karbana, was the one who discovered the river Kutha.[14]
In The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture, Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila says:
"One might also mention the rather surprising story, traced back to 'Ali, the first Imam of the Shiites, where he is made to identify himself as “one of the Nabateans from Lutha” (see Yaqut, Mu'jamIV: 488, s.v. Kutha). It goes without saying that the story is apocryphal, but it shows that among the Shiites there were people ready to identify themselves with the Nabateans. Thus it comes as no surprise that especially in the so-called ghulàt movements (extremist Shiites) a lot of material surfaces that is derivable from Mesopotamian sources (cf. Hämeen-Anttila 2001), and the early Shiite strongholds were to a great extent in the area inhabited by Nabateans.
Yaqut also notes, "the identification of Kutha as the original home Shiah Muslims believe to be the Abrahamic roots of Islam. Yet the identification of Kutha, and by extension also Abraham, with the Nabateans is remarkable." (p. 35)
See also
Notes
References
- ^ Edgar James Banks, Cutha, The Biclical World, sol. 22, no. 1, pp. 61–64, 1903
- ^ [1] Hormuzd Rassam, Asshur and the Land of Nimrod: Being an Account of the Discoveries Made in the Ancient Ruins of Nineveh, Asshur, Sepharvaim, Calah, [etc]..., Curts & Jennings, 1897
- ^ J. E. Reade, Rassam's Excavations at Borsippa and Kutha 1879-82, Iraq, vol. 48, pp. 105–116, 1986
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews ix. 14, § 3
- ^ [2] Alfred Jeremias, The Babylonian conception of heaven and hell, D. Nutt, 1902
- ^ Year Names of Shulgi at CDLI
- ^ ib. 51b
- ^ II Kings xvii. 30
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, ix. 14, § 1, 3
- ^ Adolf Neubauer, La Géographie du Talmud, p. 379, 1968
- ^ O. R. Gurney, The Sultantepe Tablets (Continued). IV. The Cuthaean Legend of Naram-Sin, Anatolian Studies, vol. 5, pp. 93–113, 1955
- ^ Year Names of Sumulael at CDLI
- ^ Year Names of Hammurabi at CDLI
- ^ Ibn Sa'd. "Abraham, the friend of God". Kitab Tabaqat Al-Kubra الطبقات الكبرى [The Book of the Great Classes] (in Arabic). Vol. 1.
قال نهر كوثي كراه كرنبا جد إبراهيم من قبل أمه وكان
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Further reading
- Julian Reade, Hormuzd Rassam and His Discoveries, Iraq, vol. 55, pp. 39–62, 1963
External links
- Digital Images of Tablets from Kutha/Cuthah
- Temple Hymns at ETCSL
- Incantation bowl found at Kutha - British Museum
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Emil G. Hirsch and Gerson B. Levi (1901–1906). "Cuthah". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.