AHQ Malta
| Air Headquarters Malta AHQ Malta | |
|---|---|
 The importance of defending AHQ Malta, the lone Allied bastion in the Mediterranean theater in 1942, is emphasized by this map of the Italian Mare Nostrum. | |
| Active | 28 December 1941 – 30 June 1968 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  Royal Air Force |
| Type | Command |
| Part of | RAF Middle East Command (1939) |
| Headquarters | Valletta (1945) |
| Motto(s) | Accidet Nemo Impune |
Air Headquarters Malta (AHQ Malta or Air H.Q. Malta) was an overseas command of the Royal Air Force (RAF) during the Second World War. It was established on 28 December 1941 by renaming RAF Mediterranean under Air Vice Marshal Hugh Lloyd.[1] Lloyd was named Air Officer Commanding in Malta on 1 June 1941.[2]
AHQ Malta played a key defensive role during the war when Malta was under siege by Axis forces between 11 June 1940 to 20 November 1942. In 1943 it then became a major sub-command centre for the Allies under the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) when the Allies began their attack on Sicily, Italy.
AHQ Malta remained in operation under British command until 1968 when it was disbanded. The British withdrew from Malta in 1979.
History
[edit]No. 267 Squadron RAF and No. 268 Squadron RAF, both with seaplanes, were formed at RAF Kalafrana in August 1918.[3]
RAF Mediterranean had been based in Malta under one designation or another throughout the interwar period, spending some time known as 'Mediterranean Group'.
Despite concerns that the island, far from Britain and close to Italy, could not be defended, the British decided in July 1939 to increase the number of anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft on Malta.[4] During 1940 Malta's air defence force had been built up from Faith, Hope, and Charity, the three famous Sea Gladiators of the Hal Far Fighter Flight.
Defending Malta 1940 to 1942
[edit]During the early stage of the Siege of Malta (11 June 1940 to 20 November 1942), which was also early in the wider North African Campaign, Axis powers did not consider Malta much of an offensive threat. However it was considered an essential Allied stronghold. This was exemplified by Operation Pedestal and the other, often very costly, efforts to resupply the island.
On 20 April 1942, the USS Wasp delivered 47 Spitfires to Malta. Although the German Luftwaffe promptly destroyed 30 of them on the same day, the defensive and offensive capabilities of AHQ Malta grew as a result of these and other aircraft reaching the island in the summer of 1942.[5] On 1 July 1942, AHQ Malta had approximately 200 aircraft, about half of which were Spitfires.[6]
Air Vice Marshal Sir Keith Park took over command of AHQ Malta on 15 July 1942.[1]
At this time, the island provided critical operational air bases for the Allies with proximity to Axis shipping lanes and the battlefields of Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Pantelleria, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and mainland Italy during World War II. There were three main airfields on Malta known as RAF Hal Far, RAF Luqa, and RAF Ta' Kali with an intermediate landing area known as the Safi Dispersal Strip.[7]
During the month of October in 1942, when the Second Battle of El Alamein was being waged, Allied forces were credited with the destruction of 59 percent of the German tonnage and 45 percent of the Italian tonnage shipped to Rommel's Axis forces in North Africa. This attrition was a significant aspect of Rommel's defeat and was in large part due to AHQ Malta, and the British and American heavy bombers of No. 205 Group.[5]
On the offensive 1943
[edit]In February 1943, AHQ Malta became a major sub-command of the Mediterranean Air Command (MAC) following a decision by the Allies at their Casablanca Conference in January 1943.[8]
Operation Husky - Order of battle July 1943
[edit]
When the Allies invaded Sicily (Operation Husky) on 10 July 1943, AHQ Malta directed the units below.[6]
| No. 248 Wing RAF | Spitfire units | Other units |
|---|---|---|
| No. 69 Squadron RAF Martin Baltimore | No. 40 Squadron SAAF[9] | No. 23 Squadron RAF, de Havilland Mosquito |
| No. 108 Squadron RAF, Bristol Beaufighter | No. 126 Squadron RAF | No. 73 Squadron RAF Det., Hurricane |
| No. 221 Squadron RAF, Vickers Wellington | No. 185 Squadron RAF | No. 256 Squadron RAF Det., Mosquito |
| No. 272 Squadron RAF, Beaufighter | No. 229 Squadron RAF | No. 600 Squadron RAF, Beaufighter |
| No. 683 Squadron RAF, Spitfire | No. 249 Squadron RAF | 815 Naval Air Squadron Det. (FAA), Fairey Albacore |
| 826 Naval Air Squadron (FAA) | No. 1435 Flight RAF | No. 983 Balloon Squadron |
Notes: SAAF=South African Air Force; Det.=Detachment.
Some other squadrons and flights from the Northwest African Tactical and Coastal Air Forces were detached to Malta prior to the invasion of Sicily including Nos. 92 and 93 Squadrons and the 31st Fighter Group with Spitfires, 47th Bombardment Group with A-20s, and the 57th and 79th Fighter Groups with P-40s.
Famous Aces
[edit]Some famous Aces stationed on Malta were Rhodesian Johnny Plagis and the Canadian fighter pilots George "Screwball" Beurling and Wally McLeod.[5]
Evolving responsibilities after 1944 to disbandment in 1968
[edit]In mid-1945 the only flying units under the control of AHQ Malta were two air-sea rescue squadrons, No. 283 Squadron RAF (flying Warwicks and Walruses from Hal Far), No. 284 Squadron RAF (with the same types of aircraft from Elmas in Sardinia), 22 Squadron SAAF (flying Venturas at Gibraltar), and 782 Naval Air Squadron (with Fulmars and Defiants at Hal Far). 782 NAS was administered by the local naval commander.[10]
During 1946 the remaining installations in Algeria and Tunisia were handed back to the French Armed Forces, but this left AHQ Malta still commanding units in Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Maison Blanche in Algeria. Withdrawal from these locations took a few more months.
No. 38 Squadron RAF (a maritime reconnaissance unit flying Warwicks and Wellingtons) and No. 73 Squadron RAF (flying Spitfire IXs) arrived in 1946. The No.73 Squadron initially flew from Hal Far but was moved to Takali thus allowing Hal Far to be handed over to be used by the Royal Navy carrier squadron.[11]
On 1 July 1947, Air Vice Marshal C R Steele had AHQ Malta take over El Adem, Benina, and Castel Benito stations in Libya from No. 205 Group RAF in the Canal Zone. This was just before the RAF presence at Elmas in Sardinia closed down on 10 December 1947.
No. 37 Squadron RAF, which had arrived from Palestine in 1948, left Luqa for RAF Khormaksar in Aden in July 1957. While four Avro Shackleton aircraft and the squadron's identity were transferred to Aden, two aircraft were left to join No. 38 Squadron RAF, still at Luqa.[12] In 1965, Air Vice-Marshal Robert Deacon-Elliott arrived at Gibraltar to serve as both commander RAF Gibraltar and AOC AHQ Malta. His appointment also carried the 38 Squadron which was disbanded early in 1967. In 1968 the station at Takali also closed. AHQ Malta was disbanded on 30 June 1968 and the Air Vice Marshal flew home the following day.
AHQ Malta Air Office Commanders
[edit]| Date started | Date ended | Duration months | Air Officer Commanding | Headquarters | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 June 1941 | 14 July 1942 | 13.5 | Air Vice Marshal Hugh Lloyd | Valletta, Malta | Initially named RAF Mediterranean until renamed AHQ Malta on 28 December 1941 |
| 15 July 1942 | 25 March 1944 | 20.5 | Air Vice Marshal Sir Keith Park | Valletta, Malta | |
| 26 March 1944 | 18 October 1944 | 7 | Air Vice Marshal R. M. Foster | Valletta, Malta | |
| 19 October 1944 | June 1947 | 32 | Air Vice Marshal K. B. Lloyd | Valletta, Malta | |
| June 1947 | ? | ? | Air Vice Marshal C R Steele CB DFC | ? | |
| ? | 1952 | ? | Air Vice Marshal N.H. D'Aeth | ? | Known as "Fortress Commander" |
| 1952 | ? | ? | ? | ? | |
| 1965 | 30 June 1968 | ~36 months | Air Vice-Marshal Robert Deacon-Elliott | Gibraltar | Serve as both commander RAF Gibraltar and AOC AHQ Malta as well as Deputy Commander-in-Chief (Air), Allied Forces Mediterranean.[13] |
Air Commander Malta from 1968 to British withdrawal in 1979
[edit]The remaining units were only Nos 13 and 39 Squadrons, both at Luqa flying photo-reconnaissance Canberras. The organisation and administration of the remaining units was passed to RAF Luqa, where an Air Commodore with the title of Air Commander Malta was installed, while overall control passed to Near East Air Force in Cyprus.[14] Air Commander Malta assumed direct command of RAF units assigned to Malta. On 1 February 1969 No. 203 Squadron RAF was transferred from RAF Ballykelly to Hal Far, though it soon moved to Luqa. Re-equipment of the squadron from Shackletons to BAe Nimrods soon began. In October 1970 39 Squadron was moved back to Wyton in the UK.[15]
203 Squadron was disbanded on 31 December 1977 and 13 Squadron flew home to Wyton in October 1978.[16] The post of Air Commander Malta ceased to exist when the British withdrew from Malta on 31 March 1979.
Notes
[edit]- ^ a b "CMD O2". Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014. RAF Web Mediterranean Commands
- ^ Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - Air Chf Marshal Sir Hugh Lloyd
- ^ Lee, 160
- ^ Holland, James, 1970- (2003). Fortress Malta : an island under siege, 1940-1943. New York: Miramax Books. ISBN 1-4013-5186-7. OCLC 53096284.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Dick, Ron and Dan Patterson, Aviation Century World War II, Boston Mills Press, 2004.
- ^ a b Richards, D. and H. Saunders, The Royal Air Force 1939-1945 (Volume 2, HMSO, 1953).
- ^ The Air Battle of Malta. The Official Account of the R.A.F. in Malta, June 1940 to November 1942; Prepared for the Air Ministry by the Ministry of Information, London, UK, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1944.
- ^ Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 2, Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press, 1949 (Reprinted 1983, ISBN 0-912799-03-X).
- ^ A reconnaissance unit
- ^ Lee, 162
- ^ Lee, 162-3
- ^ Lee, Wings in the Sun, 1989, 207.
- ^ Obituary: Air Vice-Marshal Robert Deacon-Elliott, Daily Telegraph, 18 June 1997.
- ^ Lee, Wings in the Sun, 1989, 213.
- ^ Lee, 213
- ^ Lee, 217-8
References
[edit]- Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume 2, Chicago, Illinois: Chicago University Press, 1949 (Reprinted 1983, ISBN 0-912799-03-X).
- Richards, D. and H. Saunders, The Royal Air Force 1939-1945 (Volume 2, HMSO, 1953).
- Howe, George F., Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West, Center of Military History, Washington, DC., 1991.
- Army Air Forces Historical Office Headquarters, Participation of the Ninth & Twelfth Air Forces in the Sicilian Campaign, Army Air Forces Historical Study No. 37, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 1945.
- The Air Battle of Malta. The Official Account of the R.A.F. in Malta, June 1940 to November 1942; Prepared for the Air Ministry by the Ministry of Information, London, UK, His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1944.
Further reading
[edit]- Sir David Lee, Wings in the sun: a history of the Royal Air Force in the Mediterranean, 1945–1986, Air Force Dept. Air Historical Branch, Great Britain. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989.
External links
[edit]- Leo Niehorster, RAF Mediterranean, 3 September 1939
- "Overseas Commands - Middle East & Mediterranean". Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.