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Al-Khansaa Brigade

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Al-Khansaa Brigade
لواء الخنساء
LeadersFatiha el-Mejjati[1][2]
Dates of operationFebruary 2014[3]– Present (Largely inactive since 2019)
Active regionsIslamic State
Size60[3] (2014)
Part of Islamic State

The Al-Khansaa Brigade (Arabic: لواء الخنساء) was an all-women police or religious enforcement unit of the jihadist group Islamic State (IS), operating in its de facto capital of Raqqa and Mosul.[4]

History

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Formed in 2014 and initially consisting of around sixty women, the brigade was used to enforce Sharia law, mainly in IS-occupied Raqqa and Mosul, but also in refugee camps as IS territory collapsed.[5] The group was probably named after Al-Khansa, a female Arabic poet from the earliest days of Islam.[6] It was unique in the Muslim world as, in other regimes with similar systems of religious police (such as Saudi Arabia), only men are permitted to enforce hisbah among women.[7]

After initially being set up to enable men disguised as women to be identified through searches at checkpoints, the group's role was expanded to police and punish women according to IS regulations, with the size of the group expanding to include 1000 women.[8][9] An IS official, Abu Ahmad, said in 2014, "We have established the brigade to raise awareness of our religion among women, and to punish women who do not abide by the law."[10] The outfit has also been called IS's 'moral police'.[7][9]

Women who went out without a male chaperone or were not fully covered in public were subject to arrests and beatings by Al-Khansaa.[7]An example of crimes punished and sentences administered by al-Khansaa were those for two women in Raqqa in 2015, who received 20 lashes for wearing form-fitting abayas, five for wearing makeup underneath their abayas, and another five for "not being meek enough when detained".[11]

The brigade had its own facilities to enforce sex segregation.[7] Its members were aged between 18 and 25, receiving a monthly salary of LS 25,000.[12] According to defectors interviewed by Sky News, al-Khansa Brigade included many foreign women, and recruits were "trained for a month". Their pay is estimated to be "between £70 and £100 [ STG ] per month". According to one source hostile to IS, women were not allowed to drive cars or carry weapons, but women in the Khansaa Brigade "can do both".[4]

In April 2017 the group released a recruitment video for female hackers claiming to have hacked over 100 social media accounts over the previous month.[13] According to Iraqi News, in 2017 Al-Khansaa members were used as snipers to defend IS-held Mosul against assaults by Iraq's security forces.[14] Though IS has not held any territory since 2019, there have been reports of the group's members infiltrating refugee camps in Iraq, with some of these reports having come as late as 2021.[9][15]

Activities

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The Brigade has been known for their brutal violence against women. They oversee brothels of enslaved Yazidi women and search women at checkpoints.[16]

The Al-Khansaa Brigade is instrumental in disseminating ISIS propaganda and recruiting foreign militants.[17][18][19]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mekhennet, Souad; Warrick, Joby (26 November 2017). "The jihadist plan to use women to launch the next incarnation of ISIS". The Washington Post.
  2. ^ "Donald Trump claims Baghdadi's alternative as chief of ISIS has been killed by US troops | Digital Industry Wire". 29 October 2019. Retrieved 2019-10-30.
  3. ^ a b McKay, Hollie (20 October 2015). "Brutal female police enforce ISIS sharia vision on women of caliphate". Fox News.
  4. ^ a b "How the Islamic State uses women to control women". Syria Direct. 25 March 2015.
  5. ^ Vonderhaar, Lora (2021-05-13). "ISIS's Female Morality Police". Georgetown Security Studies Review. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  6. ^ Saripi, Nur Irfani Binte (2015). "Female Members of ISIS: A Greater Need for Rehabilitation". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 7 (3): 26–31. ISSN 2382-6444. JSTOR 26351339.
  7. ^ a b c d Gilsinan, Kathy (25 July 2014). "The ISIS Crackdown on Women, by Women". The Atlantic.
  8. ^ Pearson, Elizabeth (March 2016). "The Case of Roshonara Choudhry: Implications for Theory on Online Radicalization, ISIS Women, and the Gendered Jihad: Gender and Online Radicalization". Policy & Internet. 8 (1): 5–33. doi:10.1002/poi3.101.
  9. ^ a b c Saleh, John. "The Women of ISIS and the Al-Hol Camp". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 2023-04-04.
  10. ^ al-Bahri, Ahmad (15 July 2014). "In Raqqa, an All-Female ISIS Brigade Cracks Down on Local Women". Syria Deeply. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
  11. ^ Moaveni, Azadeh (21 November 2015). "ISIS Women and Enforcers in Syria Recount Collaboration, Anguish and Escape". The New York Times.
  12. ^ "Al-Khansaa Brigade (Islamic State / IS - Female Unit / ISISF)". Trac. Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  13. ^ Daftari, Lisa (19 April 2017). "ISIS all-female hacking group looks to recruit more women". The Foreign Desk. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  14. ^ "IS deploys women snipers, fights harder in remaining western Mosul districts". Iraqi News. 2017-04-03. Retrieved 2024-03-15.
  15. ^ Brisha, Aly (26 April 2017). "Fear of ISIS female 'biters' haunts women during night at Iraq's camps". Al Arabiya English.
  16. ^ DePriest-Kessler, M. (2022). The Implications of Gender and the Islamic State: The Evolution of Female Roles in Iraq and Syria and Gendered Counterterrorism in the West. PI SIGMA ALPHA, 36.
  17. ^ Torres Díaz, Olga (2015). "La propaganda del Daesh también es cosa de mujeres. De Umm Sumayyah al-Muhajirah en Dabiq al manifiesto de la brigada al-Khansaa en internet". Pre-bie3 (6): 22.
  18. ^ García Alcaide, María (2018). "La participación de las mujeres en el ISIL, ¿víctimas o agentes activos?". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  19. ^ Esholdt, Henriette Frees (2022), "The attractions of Salafi-jihadism as a gendered counterculture: Propaganda narratives from the Swedish online "sisters in deen"", Salafi-Jihadism and Digital Media, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781003261315-4, ISBN 978-1-003-26131-5, retrieved 2024-03-22
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