Avicennia
| Avicennia | |
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| Avicennia germinans | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Subfamily: | Avicennioideae
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| Genus: | Avicennia |
| Species | |
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| Synonyms | |
Avicennia is a genus of flowering plants currently placed in the bear's breeches family, Acanthaceae. It contains mangrove trees, which occur in the intertidal zones of estuarine areas and are characterized by aerial roots. It is commonly known as api api which in the Malay language means "fires", a reference to the fact that fireflies often congregate on these trees.[2] Species of Avicennia occur worldwide south of the Tropic of Cancer.
The taxonomic placement of Avicennia is contentious. In some classifications it has been placed in the family Verbenaceae, but more recently has been placed by some botanists in the monogeneric family Avicenniaceae. Recent phylogenetic studies have suggested that Avicennia is derived from within Acanthaceae, and the genus is included in that family in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system.
Designation of species is made difficult by the great variations in form of Avicennia marina. Between eight and ten species are usually recognised, with Avicennia marina further divided into a number of subspecies.
The generic name honours Persian physician Avicenna (980-1037).[3]
Description
Members of the genus are among the most salt tolerant mangroves and are often the first to colonise new deposits of sediment. The sap is salty and excess salt is secreted through the leaves. The spreading root system provides stability in shifting substrates. There are vertical roots called pneumatophores projecting from the mud. These are used in gas exchange as there is very little oxygen available in the mud. The flowers are fragrant and rich in nectar and are pollinated by insects. The embryos exhibit cryptovivipary, a process where they start to develop before the seed is shed but do not break through the outside of the fruit capsule.[4]
List of species
- Avicennia africana P.Beauv.[5] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia alba Blume[6] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
- Avicennia alba var. latifolia Moldenke[7] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
- Avicennia balanophora Stapf & Moldenke[8]
- Avicennia bicolor Standl.[9]
- Avicennia elliptica Thunb. [10] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia elliptica var. martii Moldenke[11] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia eucalyptifolia (Valeton) Zipp. ex Moldenke[12] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
- Avicennia floridana Gand.[13] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia floridana Raf.[14] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans (L.) L.[15]
- Avicennia germinans f. aberrans Moldenke [16] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans f. brasiliensis Moldenke [17] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans var. cumanensis (Kunth) Moldenke [18] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans var. germinans [19] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans var. guayaquilensis (Kunth) Moldenke[20] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia germinans f. venezuelensis Moldenke[21] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia integra N.C.Duke [22]
- Avicennia intermedia Griff. [23] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia lamarckiana C.Presl[24] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia lanata Ridl.[25] synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
- Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.[26]
- Avicennia marina var. alba (Blume) Bakh.[27] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina f. angustata Moldenke[28] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina var. anomala Moldenke[29] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett[30]
- Avicennia marina var. australasica (Walp.) Moldenke[31] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
- Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett[32]
- Avicennia marina var. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) N.C.Duke[33] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
- Avicennia marina var. intermedia (Griff.) Bakh.[34] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina f. intermedia (Griff.) Moldenke[35] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina subsp. marina[36] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina var. marina[37] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia marina var. resinifera (G.Forst.) Bakh.[38] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
- Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.[39]
- Avicennia meyeri Miq.[40] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia mindanaense Elmer[41] (Unresolved)
- Avicennia mindanaensis Elmer[42] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia nitida Sessé & Moc. [43] Avicennia germinans (L.) L. [Illegitimate]
- Avicennia nitida Jacq.[44] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia nitida var. trinitensis Moldenke[45] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia oblongifolia Nutt. ex Chapm.[46] Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia obovata Griff.[47] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
- Avicennia oepata Buch.-Ham.[48] Avicennia officinalis L.
- Avicennia officinalis L.[49]
- Avicennia officinalis var. acuminata Domin[50] Avicennia officinalis L.
- Avicennia officinalis var. alba (Blume) C.B.Clarke[51] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh..
- Avicennia officinalis var. eucalyptifolia Valeton[52] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. eucalyptifolia (Valeton) J.Everett
- Avicennia officinalis f. flaviflora Kuntze[53] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
- Avicennia officinalis var. lanceolata Kuntze[54] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia officinalis var. nitida Kuntze[55] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia officinalis f. tomentosa Kuntze[56] synonym of Avicennia officinalis L.
- Avicennia resinifera G.Forst.[57] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
- Avicennia rumphiana Hallier f.[58] synonym of Avicennia marina var. rumphiana (Hallier f.) Bakh.
- Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke[59]
- Avicennia schaueriana f. candicans Moldenke[60] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
- Avicennia schaueriana f. glabrescens Moldenke[61] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke
- Avicennia sphaerocarpa Stapf ex Ridl.[62] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
- Avicennia spicata Kuntze[63] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
- Avicennia tomentosa Jacq.[64] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia tomentosa Schauer[65] synonym of Avicennia schaueriana Stapf & Leechm. ex Moldenke [Illegitimate]
- Avicennia tomentosa var. arabica Walp.[66] synonym of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.
- Avicennia tomentosa var. australasica Walp.[67] synonym of Avicennia marina subsp. australasica (Walp.) J.Everett
- Avicennia tomentosa var. campechensis Jacq.[68] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia tomentosa var. cumanensis Kunth[69] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia tomentosa var. guayaquilensis Kunth[70] synonym of Avicennia germinans (L.) L.
- Avicennia tonduzii Moldenke[71]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Genus: Avicennia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-03-30. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- ^ Api-api Putih (Avicennia alba) The Tide Chaser. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A-C. CRC Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
- ^ Api Api Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Retrieved 2012-02-08,
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18434
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18435
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330220
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18436
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18437
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18438
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18439
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18440
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18441
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18442
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18443
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18444
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18445
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18446
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33701107
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18447
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18448
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18449
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18450
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18451
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18453
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18454
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18455
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18456
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330221
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18457
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-451858
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18458
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18459
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18460
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18461
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18462
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702837
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18463
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18464
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18465
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-33702836
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18466
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18467
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18468
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18469
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18470
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18471
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18472
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18473
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330222
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-330223
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18474
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455925
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18475
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18476
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-455926
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18477
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18478
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18479
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18480
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18481
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18482
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18483
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18484
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18485
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-274427
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18486
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18487
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18488
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18489
- ^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-18490
Further reading
- Boland, D. J. (1984). Forest Trees of Australia (Fourth edition revised and enlarged). CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria, Australia. ISBN 0-643-05423-5..
- Duke, N.C. (1991). "A Systematic Revision of the Mangrove Genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia". Australian Systematic Botany. 4 (2): 299–324. doi:10.1071/SB9910299.
- Schwarzbach, Andrea E. and McDade, Lucinda A. 2002. Phylogenetic Relationships of the Mangrove Family Avicenniaceae Based on Chloroplast and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany 27: 84-98 (abstract here).
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