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Baháʼí Faith in Finland

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The Bahá'í Faith in Finland began with contact between traveling Scandinavians with early Persian believers of the Bahá'í Faith in the mid-to-late 19th century[1] while Finland was politically part of the Russian Empire. In the early 20th century `Abdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, requested Bahá'ís from the United States and Canada consider Scandinavian countries and Russia among the places Bahá'ís should pioneer to.[2] Later, after Finland gained independence from Russia, Bahá'ís began to visit the Scandinavian area in the 1920s.[3] Following a period of more Bahá'í pioneers coming to the country, Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assemblies spread across Finland while the national community eventually formed a Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly in 1962.[4] Some estimates in 2004 of the Bahá'ís in Finland number about 500 Bahá'ís[5][6] including a winner of human rights award[7] and a television personality.[8] In 2005 there was an estimate of over 1,700 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia).[9]

Early history

The first mentions of the religion among Scandinavians happened in the era when Finland was politically united with the Russian Empire; the first mention of the Báb, who Bahá'ís view as the herald to the founder of the religion, Bahá'u'lláh, was published in accounts of Persian travels by Scandinavians in 1869, and the first mentions of Bahá'u'lláh were made in 1896.[1]

Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, visited Finland in 1926.[10] Josephine Kruka, Knight of Bahá'u'lláh, entered Finland[11] and later, in 1938, Pastor Väinö Rissanen became the first Bahá’í of Finland[10] and the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Finland was formed in Helsinki in 1953.[10]

Growth

In 1957 Finland, Denmark, and other Scandinavian countries formed a regional Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly.[12] In 1959, Brigitte Hasselblatt moved to Turku from the Shetland Islands and married Milton Lundblade.[13] After living some years there she moved to the United States but returned again to Finland to Salo in the summer of 1984[14] (in the mean time their first son Laurence Lundblade would later be one of the initial authors of the e-mail client Pine.)[13] For 1957 through 1962 Finland Bahá'í institutions were part of the regional National Spiritual Assembly of Scandinavia and Finland.[15][16] In 1960, Hand of the Cause Adelbert Muhlschlegel visited in Finland.[17] In 1962 Sweden, Finland, and Norway each elected their own National Spiritual Assembly.[15] The members of the National Assembly who participated in the election of the Universal House of Justice in 1963 were Quentin Hamilton Farrand, Godratollah Bidardel, Jeanne Welsh Farrand, Greta Sofia Jankko-Badeau, Rafael Garcia, Aminda Josephine Kruka, Elsa Maria Cubilla de Garcia, Mozaffar Namdar, Marco Antonio Martinez S., Gudrun Ofstegaard, Marcia Isabel Matamoros, Maija-Liisa Ravola, Mauricio Hernandez Munoz, Sirkka Inkeri Salmi, Josd Marfa Padilla, Mailis Kaarino Talvenheimo, Gabriel Torres S., and Habibu'llah Zabihian. By the end of 1963 there were local spiritual assemblies in Helsinki, Lahti, Tampere, Turku, and groups of Bahá'ís in Kaaresuvanto and isolated Bahá'ís in Hämeenlinna, Kilo, Koski Tl, Rovaniemi, and Vartsalo.[18]

Development

Following this period of largely internal development, the Bahá'í Faith in Finland began to be involved in regional developments. In the 1970s and 80s Finland Bahá'ís helped translate Bahá'í literature into Estonian, Lithuanian and Latvian.[19] Finland was among the national communities that responded to a survey on status of women in the community which was tabulated and summarized for the 1974 Statement to the 25th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women.[20] In the mid-1960s in Alaska Angeline Giachery conceived of a plan to spread the religion across the circumpolar area and the idea received attention at the Intercontinental Conference in Helsinki in 1976[21] which was also attended by Hand of the Cause Ugo Giachery.[11] Roma Raciulyte became a Bahá'í during a trip to Finland in the 1970s and is generally considered the first Lithuanian Bahá'í in recent times.[22]

Diverse involvements of the modern community

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[23] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[24] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[23] The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[25] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. Since the 1980s the Bahá'ís of Finland have greatly diversified their endeavours. In the late 1980s[26] a group of Bahá'í musicians based in Naantali[27] composed an album, Pohjantähti (North Star) simultaneously in Finnish[28] and English[29] out of a quest to be culturally creative instead of merely translating foreign interpretations of the religion into song. In 1990 Alaskan Bahá'ís visited Finland as part of a circumpolar campaign to spread the religion especially among indigenous peoples.[30] In January 1998 Dr. Sylvia I. Karlsson lead the Finnish Bahá'í community national convention on a full day seminar on ethical dimensions of Agenda 21 and sustainable development by giving the keynote talk as well as preparing parallel workshops on various chapters of Agenda 21 and summarizing the discussions.[31] The position of the Bahá'í Faith in Finland reached national acknowledgment when in 1999 the educational authorities in Finland included courses mentioning the Bahá'í Faith in the curricula of primary and secondary schools.[32] This relationship between national and civic events continued when in 2002 the Bahá'í community of Lappeenranta registered their regularly held public meeting for World Religion Day. This discussion was on the subject of world peace with participants of local Christian, civic and Muslim groups building on a decade of efforts.[33] In 2003, Iranian Bahá'í émigré Melody Karvonen was awarded the 2003 Human Rights Worker of the Year by the Finnish League for Human Rights.[7] The same year the government of Finland co-sponsored a resolution of the United Nations which was passed by a vote of 73 to 49, with 50 abstentions, by the Third Committee of the United Nations General Assembly expressing "serious concern" over continuing violations of human rights in Iran—and mentions specifically "continuing discrimination" against Bahá'ís and other religious minorities.[34] (see Persecution of Bahá'ís.) Most recently, in 2003, the play The Seven Valleys was premiered at the Naantali Theatre and reviewed by Pentti Narvanen of the newspaper Rannikkoseudun sanomat. Based on the work of the same name by Bahá'u'lláh, the play has since been shown at other venues including in Lappeenranta.[35] Aram Aflatuni is a Bahá'í TV talk show host of Härkää Sarvista, or "Grab the Bull by the Horns", which aired in Finland in 2007 with a 20 percent of the TV audience for its time period with a format that emphasizes using a panel of experts and cooperative discussions to try to solve it.[8] Hartmut Grossmann was born in Germany, was a lecturer and head of the German Department of the Translators' Training Institute at University of Joensuu in Savonlinna. He has served on the National Spiritual Assemblies of the Bahá'ís of Germany and of Finland and then ultimately on the Universal House of Justice. After retiring in 2008, he and his wife, Ursula, moved back to Finland.[36]

Demographics

While no statistics on the numbers of Baha'is have been released, the Finland Census reports about 0.9 - 1.2% of the population as religious but non-Christian.[37] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland estimates the 2004 population of Bahá'ís to be approximately 500.[5] Operation World, another Christian organization, estimated 0.01%, also about 500 Bahá'ís, in 2003.[6] In 2005 there was an estimate of 1668 according to the Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia).[9]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b National Spiritual Assembly of Norway (2007-8). "Skandinavisk bahá'í historie". Official Website of the Bahá'ís of Norway. National Spiritual Assembly of Norway. Retrieved 2008-04-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  2. ^ `Abdu'l-Bahá (1991) [1916-17]. Tablets of the Divine Plan (Paperback ed.). Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 43. ISBN 0-87743-233-3.
  3. ^ National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Norway (2008-03-25). "Johanna Schubarth". Official Website of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Norway. National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Norway. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2008-04-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963, Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land, pages 22 and 46.
  5. ^ a b "Other Churches and Religions in Finland". Laura Maria Raitis. December 2004. Archived from the original on April 2010. Retrieved 2008-12-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  6. ^ a b "Religion in Finland". 24-7Prayer.com. 2003. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  7. ^ a b "In Finland, an emphasis on diversity leads to human rights award". OneCountry. Vol. 15, no. 03. October–December 2003.
  8. ^ a b "Finnish TV talk show host finds success in unconventional approach". Bahá'í World News Service. 2007-12-09.
  9. ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  10. ^ a b c Dr. Ahmadi (2003-09-01). "Major events of the Century of Light". A Study of the Book “Century of Light”. Bahá'í Library Online. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-12-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Marks, Geoffry W.; Universal House of Justice (1996). Messages from the Universal House of Justice 1963-86. Wilmette, IL: Baha'i Publishing Trust of the United States. pp. 314, 326. ISBN 0-87743-239-2.
  12. ^ Hassall, Graham; Universal House of Justice. "National Spiritual Assemblies statistics 1923-1999". Assorted Resource Tools. Bahá'í Academics Resource Library. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  13. ^ a b Laurence Lundblade; Luise Morris (2008). "1960-1984". Biography of Brigitte Hasselblatt-Lundblade. Laurence Lundblade and Luise Morris. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  14. ^ Laurence Lundblade; Luise Morris (2008). "1984-2008". Biography of Brigitte Hasselblatt-Lundblade. Laurence Lundblade and Luise Morris. Retrieved 2008-12-20.
  15. ^ a b Hassall, Graham. "Notes on Research on National Spiritual Assemblies". Research notes. Asia Pacific Bahá'í Studies. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  16. ^ Baha'i World Statistics 2001 by Baha'i World Center Department of Statistics, 2001-08
  17. ^ Rabbani, R., ed. (1992). The Ministry of the Custodians 1957-1963. Bahá'í World Centre. pp. 178–9, 352, 409. ISBN 0-85398-350-X.
  18. ^ "The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. p. 119.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. ^ Hassall, Graham (1993). "Notes on the Babi and Baha'i Religions in Russia and its territories". The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 05 (03). Retrieved 2008-06-01.
  20. ^ "Elimination of Discrimination Against Women". Item 4 (A) of the provisional agenda: international instruments and national standards relating to the status of women: implementation of the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women and related instruments. New York, USA: Bahá'í International Community. 1974-01-14. BIC Document #74-0115.
  21. ^ Universal House of Justice (1986). In Memoriam. Vol. XVIII. Bahá'í World Centre. p. 719. ISBN 0-85398-234-1. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  22. ^ "Lietuvos bahajų bendruomenės istorinė apžvalga". National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Lithuania. 2008. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  23. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  24. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baha'i Studies Review. 7 (1).
  25. ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19: 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8.
  26. ^ Peltola, Harri (1999-12-30). "Baha'i Rock from Finland". Links Arts, Music, Writing Music Musicians and groups. The Baha'i Faith Index. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  27. ^ "star of the north". Music » Alternative/Punk » Indie Rock » Indie Rock. CNET Asia. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  28. ^ "Pohjantahti". Home > Acoustic > Charts > Pohjantahti. SoundClick Inc. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  29. ^ "Interview with Star of the North". SoundClick Inc. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  30. ^ van den Hoonaard, Will C. (1994-03-09). "Baha'i Faith in Circumpolar Regions (Arctic)". draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-12-21. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ I. Karlsson, Sylvia. "Curriculum Vitae Sylvia I. Karlsson (Ph.D., M.Sc.)" (pdf). Contact Information - Personnel. Turku School of Economics. Retrieved 2008-12-21.
  32. ^ House of Justice, Universal (1999). "Ridván Letter, 1999". Ridvan Messages from the Universal House of Justice. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
  33. ^ "World Religion Day Observances - 2002". Observances of World Religion Day. World Religion Day Program. 2002. Retrieved 2008-12-21. [dead link]
  34. ^ "Baha'i International Community lauds passage of UN Resolution on Human Rights in Iran". Bahá'í World News Service. 2003-11-21.
  35. ^ "Mystical work inspires playwright". Bahá'í World News Service. 2004-07-06.
  36. ^ "Leaving after many years of service in the Holy Land". Bahá'í World News Service. 2008-04-23.
  37. ^ "Population structure - Religion". Home > Products and services > Online services > Finland in Figures > Population. Statistics Finland, Demographic statistics. 2008-04-24. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

  • Aflatuni, Aram (2017). "Bahá 'í -usko" (PDF). In Illman, Ruth; Ketola, Kimmo; Latvio, Riitta; Sohlberg, Jussi (eds.). Monien uskontojen ja katsomusten Suomi. Kirkon tutkimuskeskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 48 (in Finnish). Kirkon tutkimuskeskus. pp. 191–201. ISBN 978-951-693-359-0. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
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