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The first mentions of the Bahá'í Faith in the Netherlands were in Dutch newspapers which in 1852 covered some of the events relating to the Bábí movement which the Bahá'í Faith regards as a precursor religion.[1] Circa 1904 Algemeen Handelsblad, an Amsterdam newspaper, sent a correspondent to investigate the Bahá'ís in Persia.[2] The first Bahá'ís to settle in the Netherlands were a couple of families — the Tijssens and Greevens, both of whom left Germany for the Netherlands in 1937 as business practices were affected by Nazi policies.[3] Following World War II the Bahá'ís established a committee to oversee introducing the religion across Europe and so the permanent growth of the community in the Netherlands begins with Bahá'í pioneers arriving in 1946.[3] Following their arrival and conversions of some citizens the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Amsterdam was elected in 1948.[4] In 1957, with 110 Bahá'ís and nine spiritual assemblies, the Bahá'í community in the Netherlands first elected its own National Spiritual Assembly.[3] In 1997 there were about 1500 Bahá'ís in The Netherlands.[5] In 2005 the Netherlands had 34 local spiritual assemblies.[4]

First Contact

First newspaper coverage

The first mentions relating to the Bahá'í Faith in the Netherlands were in Dutch newspapers which covered some of the events relating to the Bábí movement, which the Bahá'í Faith regards as a precursor religion.[1] The Opregte Haarlemsche Courant covered the attempt on the life of Nasser-al-Din Shah, by some Bábís, on October 11, 1852 - a couple months after the incident.[1] The incident was reported a few days later by the Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant and then by Dagblad van 's Gravenhage, all of which had borrowed the stories told of the event from London or Paris based newspapers. The accounts presented to the Dutch public, however, were generally untrue and described that the Babis being a communist organization, sanctioning the sharing of wives, believing in the transmigration of souls, and were in open violent revolt.[1] During a second assassination attempt on the same Shah in 1896 by a group not associated with the Bábís, as recognized in Persia at the time, western newspapers continued to blame the Babis for some years afterwards.[6]

Dutchmen in Persia

In 1879, on the developing trade relations initiated by some Dutch business men, Dutchman Johan Colligan entered into partnership with two Bahá'ís, Haji Siyyid Muhammad-Hasan and Haji Siyyid Muhammad-Husayn, who were known as the King and Beloved of Martyrs. These two Bahá'ís were arrested and executed because the Imám-Jum'ih at the time owed them a large sum of money for business relations and instead of paying them would confiscate their property.[7] Their execution was committed despite Johan Colligan's testifying to their innocence. In 1890 Colligan was also witness to a riot against Bahá'í farmers near Isfahan which also revealed several British diplomats attempting to avert or redress the riot.[8] Another Dutchman, C.F. Prins, witnessed and attempted to give relief to those Bahá'í who suffered in another riot in Yazd against them in 1891.[8] In the same year, Dutchman Henri Dunlop had trade relations in Shiraz with Afnán-i-Kabir, brother to the wife of the Báb,[9] and acquired several Bahá'í manuscripts which he offered to professor Edward Granville Browne and later to professor Michael Jan de Goeje of Leiden University who published the first Dutch academic article on the Babis/Bahá'ís in October 1893.[10] The portrait of the Babis from these accounts and articles communicated to the Dutch public was different than the early reports, and was of being prone to engage with foreigners, being monogamous, and seeking out civil authorities for protection from Muslim mobs.[6]

Later in 1904, Maurits Wagenvoort went as a correspondent for the Algemeen Handelsblad newspaper specifically to investigate the Bahá'ís in Persia and had numerous interviews with Bahá'ís.[2]

History in the Netherlands

Before World War II

The first interests in the religiosity of the Bahá'í Faith in the Netherlands come in 1912-1917 when the Theosophy Publishing Society in Amsterdam translated and issued a few booklets and brochures about the religion.[4] The first Bahá'í to enter the Netherlands came in December 1913 when Daniel Jenkyn, from England, travelled through the Netherlands.[3] It is also known that `Abdu'l-Bahá, the son and successor to the founder of the religion, wrote a letter to Julia C. Isbrücker, the chairperson of the Esperanto movement in The Hague.[3][11][12] In 1920, two Persian Bahá'ís, Ahmad Yazdani and Hand of the Cause Ibn-i-Asdaq, brought a letter from ‘Abdu’l-Bahá to the Central Organisation for Durable Peace in The Hague.[4][13]

The first Dutch Bahá'í appears to have been Hajo Mesdag, who became a Bahá'í in Egypt after meeting Martha Root and reading John Esslemont's book titled Bahá'u'llah and the New Era, and visited Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, in Haifa in 1925.[14] A brochure of the French Bahá'í community mentions that the first Dutch Bahá'í was a Vanda Haack (or Van der Haack), about whom little is known sofar.[15] Later in the early 1930s Louise Drake Wright, a travelling American Bahá'í, visited the country on the instructions of Shoghi Effendi on three separate occasions: the summer of 1932 (Amsterdam); March–June 1933 (Amsterdam and The Hague); January–April 1934 (The Hague). During this time she met with women's and peace groups, Quakers, Theosophists, Esperantists, and female leaders of thought such as the founder of the Netherland Girl Guides, and libraries in Amsterdam and The Hague.[3] The earliest Bahá'í family in the Netherlands were the Tijssens: Emma Margaret Tijssen was a German Bahá'í who had come to The Hague in 1937 with her husband. They were soon joined in the autumn of 1937 by two other Bahá'ís, Max and Inez Greeven. Mr. Greeven was an American businessman who had become a Bahá'í in New York City in 1927 and moved to Germany in 1930; the family's move to The Hague in 1937 was due to business restrictions in Germany; the Greevens remained in the Netherlands until 1940.[3]

After World War II

In 1946 the Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly of the United States formed the Bahá'í European Teaching Committee to teach the religion in Europe. This endeavour oversaw the arrival of a number of Bahá'í pioneers.[3] In June of that year, the committee asked Rita van Bleyswijk Sombeek, a Dutch woman who had spent World War II in the United States and became a Bahá'í during that time, to return to the Netherlands to pioneer. She arrived in October 1946 and set up her home in Amsterdam. In January 1947 and by 29 May 1947 she was having meetings at her home. In January 1947, her sister Mrs. Straub also joined the religion. Straub remained in Rotterdam and concentrated on carrying out work translating Bahá'í literature. Sombeek soon undertook widespread travels across Europe living in various places. Another pioneer was John Carré who set sail from New York for the Netherlands on 12 March 1947, followed by Charlotte Stirratt on 26 March 1947. Carré stayed in nearby Bussum but soon moved to Madrid. Stirrat landed in Rotterdam and stayed to help with the work there for three weeks, then moved to Amsterdam.[3]

Jan Piet de Borst of Wassenaar was the first to officially register in the Bahá'í Faith, converting to the religion in Bussum on 3 August 1947; another Dutchman, Hans Slim of Wassenaar, converted on 20 August 1947.[3] The third Dutch Bahá'í was Miss Josephine Caroline Diebold, an elderly resident of Amsterdam who converted on 21 March 1948; the fourth Bahá'í was Denise Sohet from near Wassenaar; and the fifth and sixth Bahá'ís were Amsterdam residents Miss Frieda van Houten and H. Bernard Dieperink, who both joined the religion on 4 April 1948. Also, by 2 September 1948, Eleanor Gregory Hollibaugh, another Bahá'í arrived in the Netherlands as a pioneer.[3] With this mixture of pioneers and Dutch converts the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly was elected in Amsterdam in 1948.[4] At this time there were 11 Bahá'ís in the Netherlands.[3] Edward L. Bode, an engineer, and his wife, Mary Hotchkiss Bode, arrived in Amsterdam in late March 1949 and lived in various places until in early 1969 they left for Madeira. The first Bahá'ís in Rotterdam was Louis Gustave Löhlefink who joined the religion on 8 February 1953.[3] The first Bahá'ís in the West Frisian Islands of the Netherlands were two German pioneers, Geertrui Ankersmit and Ursula von Brunn, who landed on the islands in October 1953; they were followed in November 1953 by Elsa Maria Grossman. All three were named as Knights of Bahá'u'lláh for the Frisian Islands for their service to the religion.[4]

Growth

National Bahá'í Centre in The Hague

The first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of The Hague was formed in April 1952.[3] The members of that institution included Elisabeth Charlotte (Lottie) Tobias who would later serve on the regional spiritual assembly of the Benelux countries and the first National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of the Netherlands; she served on that institution from 1962 until 1986 and was continuously elected as secretary.[16] Also in 1952 was the second visit of a Hand of the Cause in the person of Dhikru'llah Khadem as part of a European tour.[17] 1954 saw a conference of Bahá'ís from the Benelux countries.[18] In 1955 the national Bahá'í Centre in The Hague was purchased.[19]

The fifth (mainland) community of Bahá'ís in the country was Zandvoort, with Mr. and Mrs. Adelman who became Bahá'ís in October 1956. The first Bahá'í of Leiden was Walter Italiaander, who enrolled some years after 1958. The second Leiden Bahá'í, Annemarie Niessink, later married one of the Persian Bahá'ís in the country, Masu'd Mazgani.

By 1959, there were 63 Bahá'ís in the Netherlands and an appeal was made by the Hands of the Cause — a group of Bahá'ís who are considered to have achieved a distinguished rank in service to the religion — to the Persian Bahá'í community for the settlement of Bahá'í families in the Netherlands. Some 38 Persian Bahá'ís responded, mostly families, and it was then possible to establish spiritual assemblies in Arnhem, Delft, Haarlem, Leiden, Rotterdam, and Utrecht.

From 1957 the regional spiritual assembly of the Benelux Countries (that is the Netherlands along with Belgium and Luxembourg) operated until 1962 when the population of Dutch Bahá'ís reached 110 and with nine spiritual assemblies and the community first elected its own National Spiritual Assembly[3][4] (with Hand of the Cause Hasan Balyuzi in attendance.)[20] 1961 saw the first Bahá'í summer school - it was attended by 200 Bahá'ís and interested people representing fifteen countries with presentations by Guy Murchie and Hand of the Cause Adelbert Mühlschlegel.[21] In 1962 World Religion Day was celebrated consecutively in Amhem, Haarlem and Delft.[22] When the national assembly was elected the first members were Gert van der Garde, Bob van Lith, Mas'ud Mazgani, Arnold van Ogtrop, Gieny Sijsling, Jan Sijsling, Lottie Tobias, Gunter Vieten en Chris Westenbroek.[23] The administrative structure of the Bahá'í Faith went through a change between 1957 and 1963 when the position of head of the religion passed from Shoghi Effendi to the Universal House of Justice though it also led to a period of minor division in the religion. The Universal House of Justice wrote an extensive letter responding to requests for clarification from the National Assembly of the Netherlands in 1965. It covered questions about the election of, the station of, and authority of, the Universal House of Justice and asked that this letter be re-printed widely for Bahá'ís to read around the world.[24] Since 1962 the Benelux countries, though having each their own national assembly, had continued to pool resources for a shared summer school. In 1965 Hand of the Cause Abu'l-Qásim Faizi especially offered workships and lectures on a variety of topics.[25] Early 1968 saw the first coverage of the religion in the Netherlands by television.[26] The 1969 Netherlands Summer School, held in Ellecom, had then member of the Universal House of Justice David Hofman and Hand of the Cause Jalál Khazeh.[27]

1976 saw a variety of activities - it was the first entry to province of Zeeland and a regional conference gathered 250 Dutch Bahá'ís and talks by Adib Taherzadeh.[28] In 1977 Dr. Ahmad Taeed was one of three Bahá'í visitors to the North American Bahá'í Temple who were profiled in the August issue of Bahá'í News. He discusses his experience pioneering to the Netherlands and the growth of the community from his perspective of being an elected member of the National Spiritual Assembly of The Netherlands since 1967.[29]

Modern community

Bahá'í Conference Centre De Poort, Groesbeek

Since its inception the religion has had involvement in socio-economic development beginning by giving greater freedom to women,[30] promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern,[31] and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.[30] In the Netherlands in 1979 more than 100 children from many Dutch Bahá'í communities as well as local non-Bahá'í children gathered in Lelystad for the first national Bahá'í children's conference in the Netherlands as an observance of the International Year of the Child.[32] Also in 1979, at the invitation of the publisher, a national weekly magazine, Actuele Onderwerpen (AO) was written by a member of the national assembly to profile the religion. This issue was ranked forth out of 52 in a year-end reader interest survey conducted by the publisher.[33][34] In 1980 four hundred-fifty Bahá'ís including more than 120 children and youth participated in the Dutch winter school at Oostkapelle.[35] The government of the Netherlands took a stand and spoke out about the persecution of Bahá'ís in Iran in 1980 when it rose in support of the United Nations Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities. This resolution was passed September 10, 1980. The concern was repeated by the European Parliament and again the government of the Netherlands spoke specifically to the issue.[36] The topic continued to get attention in the fall of 1983 with coverage in de Volkskrant and NRC Handelsblad, and the feminist magazine Opzij (see Mona Mahmudnizhad.)[37]

The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released.[38] Bahá'ís were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the Bahá'í teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. World-wide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Bahá'í socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. In 1985 the Dutch Bahá'í community purchased Conference Centre De Poort, Groesbeek, formerly a Jesuit Philosophicum built in 1929 to act as an institutional center for the religion.[39]

In 1988 the national assembly of the Netherlands sought to respond to racial tensions with immigrant populations and the Dutch people in a few ways. They organized a public conference on the theme of "The Multi-Ethnic Society of the Future " and also several articles appeared in Bahá'í publications.[40] Also in 1988 twenty-eight Bahá'ís from 10 countries took an active part in the 73rd Universal Esperanto Congress at the De Doelen Center in Rotterdam.[41] In 1989 the national center at De Poort hosted two conferences - nearly 200 people representing almost all European communities for the first European Bahá'í Women's Conference and more than 100 people from 15 countries attended a European Bahá'í Youth Conference.[42] In 1999 the Dutch Bahá'í community helped coordinated the Bahá'í presence at the Hague Appeal for Peace.[43]

In 2007 the Bahá'í community of the Netherlands has given a golden tile from the Shrine of the Báb to a museum that specializes in roof tiles, the Dutch Roof Tile Museum in Alem. It is the only one among the 3,000 tiles in its collection that is gilded — covered with a glaze — with real gold.[44]

In 2005, 2006 and 2008 the Tahirih Institute of the Netherlands has held conventions with colloquia and Dr. Aziz Navidi Memorial Lectures named after a prominent Bahá'í lawyer, and Knight of Bahá'u'lláh for Monaco, renowned for his courage and skill in defending persecuted Bahá'ís.[45][46][47][48]

Demographics

In 1973 there were 365 Bahá'ís and 16 spiritual assemblies; in 1979, there were 525 Bahá'ís with 27 spiritual assemblies. In 1997 there were about 1500 Bahá'ís in The Netherlands.[5] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 6688 Bahá'ís in 2005.[49] Also in 2005 the Netherlands had 34 local spiritual assemblies.[4]

Dutch colonies

The first Bahá'í on Surinam was American Leonora Stirling Holsapple; in October 1927 she gave a lecture about the religion in the Loge Concordia centre in the capital Paramaribo. On 22 October 1927 an article appeared in the evening newspaper De West covering the event.[4] Between 1964 and 1973 Dutch overseas pioneers established a Bahá'í Spiritual Assembly in Suriname at Paramaribo.[3] Piet van der Borst and Hendrik Buys left the Netherlands to pioneer in Indonesia in 1949.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d de Vries 2002, pp. 18–20
  2. ^ a b de Vries 2002, pp. 65–69
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p C. van den Hoonaard, Will (1993-11-08). "Netherlands". draft of A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith. Baha'i Library Online. Retrieved 2008-12-25.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i C. Vieten, Gunter (2006). "THE DUTCH BAHA'I COMMUNITY". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-25. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ a b Hoekstra 2000, pp. 61
  6. ^ a b de Vries 2002, pp. 19, 43–46
  7. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 24
  8. ^ a b de Vries 2002, pp. 28–40
  9. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 42
  10. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 43–46
  11. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 119–121
  12. ^ Dwight Barstow Collection - Table of Contents of Copies of 'ABDU'L-BAHA TABLETS & other stuff of the Barstow Collection
  13. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 106–110
  14. ^ Effendi, Shoghi; J. E. Esslemont (1982). Arohanui: Letters from Shoghi Effendi to New Zealand. Suva, Fiji Islands: Bahá’í Publishing Trust of Suva, Fiji Islands. pp. 6–7.
  15. ^ La Foi Bahá'ie en France, 1998 Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2003-07-25). "A flower for Lottie". Bahá'í World News Service. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  17. ^ "International News; Visit of Hand of Cause". Bahá'í News. No. 262. December 1952. p. 12. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  18. ^ "Believers from the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. Germany…". Bahá'í News. No. 283. December 1954. p. 8. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  19. ^ de Vries 2002, pp. 248–9
  20. ^ "First National Convention of the Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 376. July 1962. p. 8. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  21. ^ "200 Young People Crowd International Youth Summer School in Holland". Bahá'í News. No. 370. January 1961. p. 5. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  22. ^ "First-Time Observances Held by Three Netherlands Communities". Bahá'í News. No. 373. April 1962. pp. 4–5. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  23. ^ "First National Spiritual Assembly of the Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 378. September 1962. p. 8. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  24. ^ "Unassailable Foundation of the Cause of God". Bahá'í News. No. 410. May 1965. pp. 1–4. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  25. ^ "Benelux Summer School Held in De Vechtstrom, the Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 416. November 1965. p. 6. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  26. ^ "The Netherlands Proclaims Faith with Exhibits, Talks, TV". Bahá'í News. No. 446. May 1968. p. 2. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  27. ^ "The Netherlands Proclaims Faith with Exhibits, Talks, TV". Bahá'í News. No. 467. February 1970. p. 12. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  28. ^ "Stress given to winning Five Year Plan goals". Bahá'í News. No. 547. October 1976. p. 17. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  29. ^ "Three Visitors". Bahá'í News. No. 557. August 1977. pp. 8–9. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  30. ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  31. ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997). "Education of women and socio-economic development". Baha'i Studies Review. 7 (1). {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  32. ^ "The Netherlands holds its first National Chiidren's Conference". Bahá'í News. No. 587. February 1980. pp. 8–9. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  33. ^ "Around the World; The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 597. December 1980. p. 14. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  34. ^ AO '79 - Het denkbeeld van de Bahá'ís
  35. ^ "Around the World; The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 604. July 1981. p. 16. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  36. ^ "Persecution in Iran again condemned". Bahá'í News. No. 608. November 1981. pp. 4–5. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  37. ^ "Media extols Faith in The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 640. July 1984. p. 10. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  38. ^ Momen, Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments". Religion. 19 (1): 63–91. doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  39. ^ De Poort - Geschiedenis van De Poort
  40. ^ "Development; Review of activities around the world; The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 696. March 1989. p. 10. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  41. ^ "The World; The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 696. March 1989. p. 13. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  42. ^ "The World; The Netherlands". Bahá'í News. No. 703. November 1989. p. 17. ISSN 0195-9212. {{cite magazine}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  43. ^ Bahá'í International Community (April–June 1999). "At the Hague, civil society mobilizes for peace, calling for a "new diplomacy"". OneCountry. 11 (01). {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  44. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2007-03-20). "Golden tile from Baha'i shrine goes on display in museum". Bahá'í World News Service. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  45. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2005-02-15). "Religion gives basis for human rights". Bahá'í World News Service. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  46. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2006-01-09). "Global governance needed to counter terrorism". Bahá'í World News Service. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  47. ^ "From Law to Justice". European Baha'i Conference on Justice. The Tahirih Institute, Holland. 2008-12-12. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2008-12-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  48. ^ Bahá'í International Community (2004-05-24). "Celebrations in a principality". Bahá'í World News Service. {{cite news}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  49. ^ "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  • Hoekstra, E.G.; Ypenburg, M.H. (2000). Wegwijs in religieus en levensbeschouwelijk Nederland. Kampen: Uitgeverij Kok. ISBN 90-435-0028-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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