Ballantine scale
The Ballantine scale is a biologically defined scale for measuring the degree of exposure level of wave action on a rocky shore. Devised in 1961 by W. J. Ballantine, then at the zoology department of Queen Mary College, London, the scale is based on the observation that where shoreline species are concerned "Different species growing on rocky shores require different degrees of protection from certain aspects of the physical environment, of which wave action is often the most important." The species present in the littoral zone therefore indicate the degree of the shore's exposure.[1]
Abbreviated summary
An abbreviated summary of the scale is given below. The scale runs from 1) an "extremely exposed" shore, to 8) an "extremely sheltered" shore. The littoral zone generally is the zone between low and high tides. The supra-littoral is above the barnacle line.
| Scale unit |
Name | Environment | Species |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Extremely exposed | Continuous heavy surf | Infra-littoral: Alaria dominant; Mid-littoral:Himanthalia, Gigurtina, Chthalamus dominant Supra-littoral: dense Porphyra, lichens abundant |
| 2 | Very exposed | "Workable only on calm days" | Infra-littoral: Alaria less frequent to common, Laminaria digitata dominant Mid-littoral: scattered Himanthalia, Gigurtina; Chthalamus abundant and dominant; Balanus balanoides frequent to common Supra-littoral: scattered Porphyra |
| 3 | Exposed | Occasional full Atlantic storm-waves | Infra-littoral: Laminaria dominant Mid-littoral: Balanus balanoides dominant on lower half; Chthalamus on upper with Patella aspera; Patella vulgata abundant over whole Supra-littoral: top shells absent. Nucella on upper rock, Mytilus in crevices |
| 4 | Semi-exposed | Obvious "reduction in wave action" | Infra-littoral: Laminaria abundant Mid-littoral: Chthalamus, Balanus Fucus serratus, Patella vulgata common Supra-littoral: occasional Gibbula umbiliacus, Nucella on open rock |
Modifications to the scale
A modified exposure scale of five stages applying to the shores of the British Isles is given by Lewis (1964):[2]
- "Very exposed shores" have a wide Verrucaria zone entirely above the upper tide level, a Porphyra zone above the barnacle level and Lichina pygmaea is locally abundant. The eulittoral zone is dominated by barnacles and limpets with a coralline belt in the very low littoral along with other Rhodophyta and Alaria in the upper sublittoral.
- "Exposed shores" show a Verrucaria belt mainly above the high tide, with Porphyra and Lichina pygmaea. The mid shore is dominated by barnacles, limpets and some Fucus. Some Rhodophyta. Himanthalia and some Rhodophyta such as Mastocarpus and Corallina are found in the low littorral with Himanthalia, Alaria and Laminaria digitata dominant in the upper sublittoral.
- "Semi-exposed shores" show a Verrucaria belt just above high tide with clear Pelvetia in the upper-littoral and Fucus serratus in the lower-littoral. Limpets, barnacles and short Fucus vesiculosus midshore. Fucus serratus with Rhodophyta, (Laurencia, Mastocarpus stellatus, Rhodymenia and Lomentaria). Laminaria and Saccorhiza polyschides and small algae common in the sublittoral.
- "Sheltered shores" show a narrow Verrucaria zone at high water and a full sequence of fucoids: Pelvetia, Fucus spiralis, Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus, Ascophyllum nodosum. Laminaria digitata is dominant the upper sublittoral.
- "Very sheltered shores" show a very narrow zone of Verrucaria, the dominance of the littoral by a full sequence of the fucoids and Ascophyllum covering the rocks. Laminaria saccharina, Halidrys, Chondrus and or Furcellaria.
Notes
- ^ Ballantine (1961), p. 1.
- ^ Lewis, J R (1964). The Ecology of Rocky Shores. London: The English Universities Press. ISBN 0-340-21360-4.
References
- Ballantine, W.J. (1961). "A Biologically-defined Exposure Scale for the Comparative Description of Rocky Shores" (pdf). Field Studies Journal. 1 (3). Retrieved 2013-05-22.
