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Battle of Hainan Island

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For the operation during the Second Sino-Japanese War, see Hainan Island Operation.
Battle of Hainan Island
Part of the Chinese Civil War and the Cross-Strait conflict

PLA soldiers training for the offensive (1949)
DateFebruary 1950 – 1 May 1950
Location
Hainan, Kwangtung, China
Result Communist victory
Territorial
changes		 People's Republic of China conquers Hainan
Belligerents
 Republic of China  People's Republic of China
Commanders and leaders
Republic of China (1912–1949)Xue Yue

ChinaDeng Hua
ChinaFeng Baiju

ChinaWang Guoxing
Units involved

China Fourth Field Army

  • 15th Corps

Hainan Independent Column

Hlai people
Strength
200,000 100,000+
Casualties and losses
4,000

The Battle of Hainan Island occurred in 1950 during final phase of the Chinese Civil War. The People's Republic of China (PRC) conducted an amphibious assault on the island in mid-April, assisted by the independent Hainan Communist movement which controlled much of the island's interior. The Republic of China (ROC) controlled the coast; their forces were concentrated in the north near Haikou and were forced to retreat south after the landings. The Communists secured the southern cities by the end of the month and declared victory on May 1.

Background

Location of Hainan island with respect to mainland Asia.

Hainan Communist movement

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established a branch on Hainan in 1926. Lines of communication between the branch and the CCP leadership were tenuous from the beginning, resulting in the Hainan Communist movement developing as an independent entity and operating with minimal outside support. The Hainan Communists were hard hit by ROC repression that followed the end of the First United Front. The Hainan Communists were nearly destroyed due to the confined geography of the island; like their mainland counterparts, the few survivors abandoned the urban coast for the rural interior. In 1929, Wang Wenming, leader of the Hainan Communists, named Feng Baiju as his successor.[1][2]

The Communists and ROC created a Second United Front in response to Japanese aggression; formal arrangements for Hainan were only made in 1938 after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War.[3] The Hainan Communists were further isolated by the Japanese invasion of the island in 1939[2] - they had little communication, and no radio contact, with the CCP leadership until the end of the war.[4] Limited hostilities between the Hainan Communists and ROC resumed in 1940.[5] The Communists formed an armed force called the Hainan Independent Column (HIC).[6] The ROC also alienated the indigenous Hlai people of the southern interior mountains by occupying Hlai territory and demanding materiel support.[7] In July 1943, the Hlai - led by Wang Guoxing and Wang Yujin - attacked the ROC in the Baisha Uprising. The Hlai were crushed and suffered ROC reprisals.[8] Wang Guoxing and Wang Yujin survived. On Wang Yujin's suggestion, the Hlai formed an alliance with the Communists,[9] who were based in the northern interior.[10] The Communists relied heavily on the Hlai for survival,[11] and their main base shifted south to Wuzhishan in 1943-1944.[12]

The civil war intensified after the end of the Second World War in 1945. On Hainan, the ROC left Hlai territory and reestablished themselves along the coast.[13] The Hainan Communists used access to Hlai territory to grow within the ROC blockade.[5][14] Maintaining communications with the mainland CCP remained difficult. CCP orders to abandon the island in 1946 were rejected.[14] The Hainan Communists spent the years following the Japanese withdrawal building popular support.[15]

Communist preparations

By late-1949, the PRC was looking forward to finishing the war by capturing the islands constituting the ROC"s remaining strongholds. These tasks were difficult as the ROC retained superior naval and air forces; the Communist navy only began to form in the summer with the defection of ROC ships. The PRC was unprepared; the invasions of the islands of Kinmen in October and Dengbu in November failed.[16] The invasion of Hainan was deferred.[17] In January 1950, Mao Zedong approved the invasion while in the Soviet Union for a state visit; he likely sought a victory to impress his hosts.[18]

The Fourth Field Army of the People's Liberation Army was tasked with the invasion. It was deployed to the Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, across the Qiongzhou Strait from Hainan.[19] The subordinate 15th Corps, led by General Deng Hua, would participate in the cross-strait invasion.[20] The defeat at Kinmen led to greater preparations.[21]

Planning for the invasion occurred in the winter of 1949–1950.[20] Wang Guoxing and Ma Baishan travelled through ROC-held territory to Communist Beijing in the fall of 1949; they were in the city for the proclamation of the People's Republic of China. The Hainan delegation conferred with the PRC's military leadership before returning south in the wake of the PRC's advance.[22] They arriving in time to attend the final invasion planning meeting in February 1950 which was attended by both Hainanese and PLA officers. Ma relayed Feng's suggestion that the attack from the north be made of pincer movements rather than a frontal assault on - and battle of attrition for - Haikou.[20][23]

The Communist Southern Branch Party Bureau ordered the HIC to prepare and distribute currency in preparation for the PRC's invasion of Hainan. The currency would be issued to invading PLA troops to purchase supplies on Hainan; the wider distribution and usage would help tie the island to the PRC economy. The HIC responded by issuing war bonds in the winter and spring of 1949-1950; this instigated a final suppression campaign by the ROC. Chen Jitang, the ROC governor of Hainan, also attempted to issue currency around the same time; this failed in part due to a lack of support from the ROC government.[24]

The invasion was preceded by three months of training[19] with Soviet assistance.[18] Training included swimming and the operation of sail and motor boats.[19]

The invasion was postponed by a few weeks on Soviet advice, who believed the winds would then be more favourable for junks.[18] On the other hand, the main landings in April and May were unable to take advantage of favourable winter winds.[19]

Nationalist preparations

ROC forces included perhaps 200 thousand regular troops and militia;[25] Seymour Topping from The New York Times reported 140 thousand troops, including 80 thousand veterans.[19] Many had been evacuated from the mainland and were demoralized and poorly supplied;[19][26] they were also accompanied by refugees.[18] Most of the defenders were concentrated around Haikou.[26] The ROC air force and navy were better equipped than the Communists, with 25 warplanes and 50 military ships.[27]

General Xue Yue was assigned to defend Hainan in late-1949.[21] He launched a suppression campaign in early 1950; the Hainan Communists were "devastated" in February but were not eliminated.[28]

The ROC government concentrated on defending Taiwan and denied most requests for reinforcement and materiel.[29][30]

Invasion

PLA preparing to cross the Qiongzhou Strait

Preliminary attacks

The ROC bombed Communists bases on Hainan and the Leizhou Peninsula with impunity; the latter had practically no anti-aircraft defences.[29][31]

From late-February 1950, the PLA reinforced the HIC through small scale landings.[29][18] Most evaded detection.[18] The strength of landing units was masked by dispersal. Larger movements occurred on March 10, 26, and 31 using dozens of junks.[29]

Main landings

The main Communist amphibious assault started on the night of April 16. The troops crossed in 318 junks divided into multiple waves.[29] A number of transports were sunk by the ROC air force and navy. Most of the campaign's 4000 Communist casualties occurred during the initial crossing.[32] The Communist forces linked up quickly. The HIC prepared the beachheads and by the morning of April 17 over 100 thousand PLA troops had landed.[18][29] Haikou in the north fell on April 23.[29] The ROC defence disintegrated from disunity of command and lack of supplies.[33] The ROCs retreated southwards, pursued by the Communists.[29] The ROC evacuated commanders and nearly 70 thousand troops and refugees.[33] Sanya and Yulin in the south fell to the Communists within seven days of Haikou, allowing the PRC to proclaim victory on May 1.[29]

Aftermath

Communist victory celebration in Haikou on 1 May 1950.

The conquest was quickly overshadowed by the Korean War and the First Taiwan Strait Crisis.[26]

The CCP marginalized the Hainan Communist movement in the following decade. The CCP was dissatisfied with the HIC's relative lack of ideological rigour and its perceived "localism"; the HIC survival strategy had been pragmatic and had included compromise with the Hlai. Local communists and the Hlai became notable obstacles to the PRC's land reform program.[34]

The PRC's military histories emphasized the 15th Corps' actions. The assault across the strait was popularized into stories of a "people's flotilla" of wooden junks manned by volunteers and fishermen fighting metal ROC warships. The role of the HIC and the Hlai received much less attention.[35] For the Hainan Communist movement the battle was the culmination of the war they had fought against the ROC for 23 years with little outside support.[35][36]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Landing Operation on Hainan Island.

Notes

  1. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 61–67.
  2. ^ a b Murray 2017, p. 73.
  3. ^ Murray 2017, p. 81.
  4. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 130–131.
  5. ^ a b Murray 2017, p. 131.
  6. ^ Murray 2017, p. 86.
  7. ^ Murray 2017, p. 108.
  8. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 113–114.
  9. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 114–118.
  10. ^ Murray 2017, p. 118.
  11. ^ Murray 2017, p. 156.
  12. ^ Murray 2017, p. 175.
  13. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 129–130.
  14. ^ a b Murray 2017, pp. 136–137.
  15. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 176–176.
  16. ^ Westad 2003, pp. 297–301.
  17. ^ Westad 2003, p. 303.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Westad 2003, p. 304.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Murray 2017, p. 149.
  20. ^ a b c Murray 2017, p. 147.
  21. ^ a b Murray 2017, p. 155.
  22. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 153–154.
  23. ^ Murray 2017, p. 154.
  24. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 151–152.
  25. ^ Murray 2017, p. 1605.
  26. ^ a b c Murray 2017, p. 161.
  27. ^ Murray 2017, p. 159.
  28. ^ Murray 2017, p. 160.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i Murray 2017, p. 148.
  30. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 160–161.
  31. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 159–160.
  32. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 211.
  33. ^ a b Westad 2003, p. 305.
  34. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 163–184.
  35. ^ a b Murray 2017, pp. 143–145.
  36. ^ Murray 2017, pp. 169–170.

Sources

  • Murray, Jeremy A. (2017). China's Lonely Revolution: The Local Communist Movement of Hainan Island, 1926–1956. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9781438465319.
  • Westad, Odd Arne (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946-1950. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4478-5.
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