Bruderhof Communities
The Bruderhof (/ˈbr[invalid input: 'oo']dərˌhɔːf/; Template:Lang-de) are a Christian Church that practice community of goods. They have communities in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Paraguay, and Australia. The Bruderhof are seen as Anabaptist due to their beliefs and practice.[1]
The Bruderhof practices adult baptism, non-violence and peacemaking, full community of goods, the proclamation of the gospel and lifelong faithfulness in marriage.[2]
The communities are best known by the name "Bruderhof" or sometimes "Bruderhof Communities", though "Bruderhof" is the name used on their website. The communities are legally incorporated in the US as "Church Communities International". Their corporation used to be called The Society of Brothers (1939 to 1978).[3] When the Bruderhof was part of the Hutterite church, they were sometimes called "Hutterian Brethren".
History
Beginnings in Germany (1920-1937)
The Bruderhof was founded in Germany in 1920 by Eberhard Arnold, a philosophy student and intellectual inspired by the German Youth Movement and his wife Emmy, née von Hollander.[4] In 1920 the young family with five children rented a house in Sannerz, Germany and founded a religious community.
When the group outgrew the house at Sannerz, they moved to the nearby Rhön Mountains. While there, Arnold discovered that the Hutterites (an Anabaptist movement he had studied with great interest) were still in existence in North America. In 1930 he traveled to meet the Hutterites and was ordained as a Hutterian minister.
With the rise of Adolf Hitler and Nazism, the Rhön community moved its draft-age men and children to Liechtenstein around 1934 because of their conscientious refusal to serve in the armed forces and to accept Nazi teachers. This community became known as the Alm Bruderhof. Continuing pressure from the Nazi government caused others to move to England and found the Cotswold Bruderhof in 1936. On April 14, 1937, secret police surrounded the Rhön Bruderhof, confiscated the property, and gave the remaining community members forty-eight hours to flee the country. By 1938, all the Bruderhof members had reassembled in England.
England (1937-1941)
While in England, the population grew to over 350 members, largely through the addition of young English members seeking an alternative to war. Even before the outbreak of World War II, the community's German members and its pacifist stance attracted deep suspicion locally resulting in economic boycotts. When confronted with the option of either having all German members interned, or leaving England as a group, the Bruderhof chose the latter, and began to look for refuge abroad.
Paraguay (1941-1961)
Soon after England entered the war, the Bruderhof emigrated to Paraguay—the only country that would accept a pacifist community of mixed nationalities. This move was assisted and facilitated by the Mennonite Central Committee.[5]
During the first years in Paraguay, starting in the hostile Chaco region, then moving to the eastern part of the country, Bruderhof members founded three settlements as well as a hospital for community members and local Paraguayans. The main settlement in Paraguay was called Primavera. The only clinic in the area, it served tens of thousands for the next two decades. By the early 1960s, the community in Paraguay had grown significantly.
United States (since 1954)
In 1954, the Bruderhof started a settlement known as the Woodcrest Bruderhof in the United States near Rifton in upstate New York, in response to a dramatic increase in the number of American guests. Johann Heinrich "Heini" Arnold, Eberhard's second son, became Servant of the Word of Woodcrest, which absorbed the Macedonia Cooperative Community in Georgia and many members of the Kingwood Community in New Jersey. Through the Macedonia Cooperative Community Woodcrest inherited the business Community Playthings[6] Additional new communities were founded in Pennsylvania (1957) and Connecticut (1958).
In 1990 the Spring Valley Bruderhof was founded adjacent to the New Meadow Run Bruderhof in Farmington, Pennsylvania.
Europe (since 1971)
In 1971, the Bruderhof purchased a property in Robertsbridge, East Sussex called Darvell. The property had previously been a tuberculosis hospital. In 1995 a former sports college in Kent was purchased. In 2005, the Bruderhof started a small community in East London.
In 2002 the Bruderhof purchased the house in Sannerz, Sinntal municipality in Hesse, Germany where the movement started. It is one of two Bruderhof houses in Germany. In 2003 the Bruderhof opened a new community in Inverell, New South Wales, Australia, where they operate the sign-writing business Danthonia Designs.[7]
Beliefs and Practice
The Bruderhof is a Protestant, evangelical Christian group, strongly influenced by radical Anabaptist and early Christian beliefs.[8] Eberhard Arnold drew inspiration from a number of historical streams including early Christianity, the Anabaptists, German Pietism and the German Youth Movement. Johann Blumhardt (1805–1880) and his son Christoph Blumhardt (1842–1919), both German Lutheran theologians, are important sources of Bruderhof piety.[9]
The Bruderhof tries to follow the practices of the first church in Jerusalem as related in the Acts of the Apostles, for example Acts 4:32–37: where the church members were of "one heart and mind, and shared all things in common". Bruderhof members do not hold private property, but rather share everything. No Bruderhof member receives a salary or has a bank account. Income from all businesses is pooled and used for the care of all members and for various communal outreach efforts.[10]
The Bruderhof practices adult baptism, which does not equate to membership. Membership is lifetime and by vows after the age of 21.[11] The Bruderhof also practices what they would call "The law of love" based on the house rule of the first Bruderhof in 1925.
It is therefore out of the question for someone in our community to hold something against a brother or sister or to talk behind his or her back. Relationships within and to the church community are spiritual bonds based on trust and on the readiness to forgive again and again.
— Foundations of our Faith and Calling
The Bruderhof believes marriage to be "the lifelong union between one man and one woman" and believes that sexual love should only be shared in such a marriage relationship. They believe divorce and remarriage to be wrong.[12]
Present day life
Most communities have a nursery, kindergarten, school, communal kitchen, laundry, various workshops, and offices. Bruderhof life is built around the family, though there are also many single members. Children are an important part of each community and participate in most communal gatherings. Disabled and elderly members are loved and cared for within the community and participate in daily life and work as much as they are able.
Bruderhof members do not have any private property, but rather share everything in common. No Bruderhof member receives a salary or has a bank account. Income from all businesses is used for the care of all members, and for various outreach efforts.
The Bruderhof runs schools for the children on each community, up to the age of 18. From there, young people go onto further education at university or do a practical training. They do not automatically become members, and many are encouraged to leave the community and live elsewhere before deciding on their own whether or not to join the community.[13]
Membership in the Bruderhof is a voluntary, adult decision and should be made with the full knowledge of what non-Bruderhof life is like.
— Bruderhof website
Numerous guests visit the Bruderhof and all communities are open to guests.[14]
The Bruderhof is estimated to have around 2,800 members worldwide.[15]
Bruderhof locations
| Community name | Country | Location | Established |
|---|---|---|---|
| Armidale | Australia | Armidale, NSW | 2005 |
| Bayboro | United States | Florida | 2006 |
| Beech Grove | United Kingdom | Nonington, Kent | 1995 |
| Bellvale | United States | Chester, New York | 2001 |
| Danthonia | Australia | Elsmore, NSW | 1999 |
| Darvell | United Kingdom | Robertsbridge, East Sussex | 1971 |
| Fox Hill | United States | Walden, New York | 1999 |
| Harlem House | United States | Harlem, New York | 2006 |
| Holzland | Germany | Bad Klosterlausnitz, Thuringia | 2004 |
| Inverell | Australia | Inverell, NSW | 2005 |
| Maple Ridge | United States | Ulster Park, New York | 1985 |
| Morgantown Community | United States | Morgantown, West Virginia | 2007 |
| The Mount Community | United States | Esopus, New York | 2012 |
| New Meadow Run | United States | Farmington, Pennsylvania | 1957 |
| Parkview | United States | Albany, New York | 2006 |
| Peckham House | United Kingdom | Peckham, Lewisham | 2016 |
| Platte Clove | United States | Elka Park, New York | 1990 |
| Rondout | United States | Kingston, New York | 2004 |
| Sannerz | Germany | Sinntal-Sannerz | 2002 |
| Spring Valley | United States | Farmington, Pennsylvania | 1987 |
| Villa Primavera | Paraguay | Mariscal Estigarribia | 2010 |
| Woodcrest | United States | Rifton, New York | 1954 |
Businesses
The Bruderhof run a variety of businesses that provide income:
Community Playthings was developed during the 1950s and soon became the Bruderhof's main source of income.[17] Community Playthings designs and manufactures quality wooden classroom and play environments for schools and daycare centers. The business is run by the communities in the United States and United Kingdom.
Rifton Equipment, run by some of the American communities, sells mobility and rehabilitation equipment for disabled adults and children. It was founded in 1977.[18]
Danthonia Designs is the business that supports the Australian Bruderhofs. It specializes in hand-carved three-dimensional signage and was founded in 2001.[7]
Involvement in the wider community
The Bruderhof is actively involved in the neighborhoods that surround its communities,[19] and in the world at large. The Bruderhof sees justice and the works of mercy as a gospel command.[2]
Bruderhof members serve on school boards, volunteer at soup kitchens, prisons and hospitals, and work with local social service agencies such as the police to provide food and shelter for those in need of help. They are active supporters of various international aid organisations, such as Oxfam, Save the Children, Tearfund and World Vision.[20][21]
The Bruderhof's Plough Publishing House publishes books and a magazine "Plough Quarterly". Plough publishes spiritual classics, inspirational books, and children's books, some of which are available as free downloads.[22]
In response to the tragic shooting at Columbine High School in 1999, the Bruderhof created a program of school assemblies that have now reached tens of thousands of youth in the United States and United Kingdom. Operating under the name "Breaking the Cycle", speakers with forgiveness stories speak to children at school assemblies.[23]
The Bruderhof community has at various times campaigned on social issues, such as the death penalty and the Iraq war. They were involved in the campaign in opposition to the death sentence for the activist Mumia Abu-Jamal who was convicted of murdering a Philadelphia police officer.[24]
The Bruderhof and the Hutterites
The Bruderhof Communities and the traditional Hutterites were in fellowship between 1930 and 1955 and between 1974 and 1990. In 1990 the Lehrerleut and the Dariusleut withdrew, while the Schmiedeleut maintained their bond to the Bruderhof. After the split among the Schmiedeleut in 1992 the more traditional group also withdrew, while the more progressive branch, led by Jacob Kleinsasser, kept the bond till 1995. Since then the traditional Hutterites and the Bruderhof are separate groups.[25]
The reason for the withdrawal of the Hutterites in 1955 was a conflict about the Forest River Hutterite Colony, which joined the Bruderhof by a majority vote. In 1974 there was reconciliation between the two groups.[26] In 1990 two of the three branches of the traditional Hutterites withdrew over concerns in regard to education, worship services and relations with outsiders.
According to Rod Janzen there are differences between the traditional Hutterites and the Bruderhof Communities on many fields. Besides cultural differences, there are differences in regard to education, leadership, decision making, church discipline, ecumenism, what constitutes the "Word of God" etc. All these differences led to the final break in 1995.[25]
Controversy and criticism
The Bruderhof has been criticized by some for its position[27] on homosexuality.[28] It has supported and run marriage events to promote marriage between one man and one woman both in the United States and the United Kingdom.[29] The Bruderhof also participated in Humanum, a conference held in the Vatican from 17-19 November 2014 and attended by Pope Francis to discuss the complementarity of man and woman.[30]
The leading critic of the Bruderhof is Julius Rubin. Rubin never visited the Bruderhof since his request to interview Bruderhof members suffering from "spiritual affliction and depression" and to interview their doctors was denied on grounds of confidentiality.[31] He then went on to write a book telling the stories of former members called The Other Side of Joy: Religious Melancholy among the Bruderhof.[32] His book alleged that the Bruderhof employed a controversial method of shunning in which members who speak up with concerns of conscience to the leadership are silenced, condemned, and even excommunicated from the church. Rubin writes that members who are offered to leave (or in some cases, forced out) are given very little money or resources to conduct life on the outside.
In 1962 Johann Heinrich Arnold, Eberhard's second son, became the overall leader of the Bruderhof after what Yaacov Oved and Julius Rubin call "the great crisis".[33] In this time there was a power struggle between Heini Arnold, one of Eberhard Arnold's sons, and Hans Zumpe, who was the leader in Paraguay. Some members were not satisfied with the leadership and either voluntarily left the community or were abandoned in Paraguay with very few resources. While later Bruderhof leadership apologized for these transgressions, emotional wounds remained.[5]
Former members have documented their experiences and criticisms in KIT - the Keep in Touch Newsletter (published 1989–current date).
References
- ^ Murray, Stuart (2011). The Naked Anabaptist. Paternoster. ISBN 978-1-84227-725-6.
- ^ a b "Foundations of our Faith and Calling". Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ Merrill Mow: Torches rekindled: the Bruderhof's struggle for renewal, Ulster Park, NY, 1989, page 30.
- ^ Mike Tyldesley (2003). No Heavenly Delusion?: A Comparative Study of Three Communal Movements. Liverpool University Press.
- ^ a b Levinson, David; Christensen, Karen (2003). Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world, Volume 3. Thousand Oaks, CA, USA: Sage Publications. p. 105.
- ^ "communityplaythings.com - Our History". www.communityplaythings.com. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
- ^ a b "Danthonia Designs". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ Randall, Ian M. (2014-10-01). "Church Community is a Gift of the Holy Spirit - The Spirituality of the Bruderhof Community". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Guides". Bruderhof. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
- ^ The Bruderhof: Foundations of our Faith & Calling; The Bruderhof; The Plough Publishing House, Rifton, New York 2012.
- ^ Foundations of our Faith and Calling. Plough. 2014. pp. 29, 50. ISBN 978-0-87486-888-3.
In obedience to this commission, the church community offers baptism to every person who believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ and whose repentance comes from the heart, bearing fruit in deeds. In order to receive believer's baptism as instituted by Christ for the forgiveness of sins, a person must have reached the age of accountability.
- ^ Foundations of our Faith and Calling. Plough. 2014. pp. 58–61. ISBN 978-0-87486-888-3.
- ^ "Education". Bruderhof. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
- ^ "Visit Us". Bruderhof. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
- ^ "Bruderhof Official Website". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ "Where We Are". Bruderhof. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
- ^ "Community Playthings". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ "Rifton Website". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ Steve Levin (2000-07-21). "Bruderhof youth festival readied". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
- ^ "Bruderhof Common Causes". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ "Save the Children Strategic Partners". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ "Plough.com". Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ "Breaking the Cycle". Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ Andres Tapia and Rudy Carrasco (2007-06-21). "A Christian Community Makes Waves, Not War". Christianity Today. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
- ^ a b Rod Janzen: The Hutterites and the Bruderhof: The Relationship Between an Old Older Religious Society and a Twentieth-Century Communal Group in Mennonite Quarterly Review 79 (2005), pages 505-544.
- ^ Merrill Mow: Torches rekindled: the Bruderhof's struggle for renewal, Ulster Park, NY, 1989, page 29-31.
- ^ "Bruderhof Marriage". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ "Andrew Sullivan and "Christianists"". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ "Marriage event in London". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ "Man, Woman and Family: Convergence Among Faiths". Retrieved 22 November 2016.
- ^ Randal, Ian (2014). Church Community is a gift of the Holy Spirit. Regent's Park College, Oxford. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-907600-22-7 – via SSRN.
- ^ Julius H. Rubin: The Other Side of Joy: Religious Melancholy among the Bruderhof, New York and Oxford, 2000, pages 132-155.
- ^ Yaacov Oved: The Witness of the Brothers: A History of the Bruderhof, New Brunswick, NJ, 1996, page 207-240.
External links
- Official website
- Plough Publishing House (Bruderhof publishing house)
- Society of Brothers entry at Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
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