Bystrzyca Kłodzka
Bystrzyca Kłodzka | |
|---|---|
 Town panorama | |
  Bystrzyca Kłodzka | |
| Coordinates: 50°18′N 16°39′E / 50.300°N 16.650°E | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship | Lower Silesian |
| County | Kłodzko |
| Gmina | Bystrzyca Kłodzka |
| Established | 11th century |
| Town rights | 13th century |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Renata Lucyna Surma |
| Area | |
| • Total | 10.74 km2 (4.15 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 340 m (1,120 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 10,652[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 57-500 |
| Area code | +48 74 |
| Car plates | DKL |
| Website | http://www.bystrzycaklodzka.pl |
Bystrzyca Kłodzka [bɨsˈtʂɨt͡sa ˈkwɔt͡ska] (Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-cs) is a historic town in Kłodzko County, in Lower Silesian Voivodeship in southwestern Poland. It is the administrative seat of Gmina Bystrzyca Kłodzka. The old town of Bystrzyca is famous for its many historical buildings and is a popular tourist destination.
Geography
Bystrzyca Kłodzka lies in the Kłodzko Valley near the confluence of the Eastern Neisse (Nysa Kłodzka) and Bystrzyca Łomnicka rivers, at the feet of the Bystrzyckie Mountains, a range of the Central Sudetes. Part of the Kladsko Land historical region, it is located about 20 km (12 mi) south of Kłodzko.
History
The area of today's Bystrzyca Kłodzka has been inhabited at least for six millennia. During the times of the Roman Empire the Celts established numerous permanent settlements in the area of Kłodzko along the ancient Amber Road. There are also numerous archaeological excavations of Lusatian culture remnants in the area.
Middle Ages
The town of Habelschwerdt was founded in the mid-13th century by German colonists on estates held by the Czech noble Havel of Markvartice (Gallus of Lämberg), husband of Saint Zdislava Berka. They settled next to the Slavic village of Bystřice, located on the important trade route leading along the Neisse river from Wrocław (Breslau) in Silesia through the Sudetes to Prague. The citizens were granted town privileges according to the so-called Western Law (a variant of Magdeburg rights). On 4 July 1319, the Czech king John of Bohemia from the House of Luxembourg granted the settlement the vast autonomy of an immediate royal city and the right to construct city walls.
The first noted mayor of Habelschwerdt was Jakob Rücker. The town was constructed almost from scratch and started to grow rapidly. First the city walls were erected with three gates and several towers. Then the market square was planned on a slope and the town hall was constructed. Most of the Gothic architecture was preserved and the town is now considered one of the classical examples of mediaeval architecture. City rights were confirmed by King John's son, Charles IV in 1348 and Habelschwerdt was granted with several other privileges, among them the right to trade with salt, spices and fabric.
The town was incorporated into the County of Kladsko (Grafschaft Glatz), an immediate fief of the Bohemian Crown (Czech Republic) and shared the fate of the nearby city of Kłodzko (Kladsko, Glatz). It developed rapidly until the advent of the Hussite Wars in the early 15th century. The wars left the town depopulated by plagues, partially burnt and demolished by several consecutive floods. It was plundered by the forces of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus on his 1469 campaign against Czech King George of Poděbrady. In 1475 a great fire destroyed the town completely.
Modern times
After the Lands of the Bohemian Crown had passed to the Habsburg Monarchy, the area became a fief of the ruling Habsburg dynasty in 1567, though the local counts retained their powers. Habelschwerdt and the surrounding villages were gradually repopulated, mostly with settlers from Central Germany and Lesser Poland. It was not until the 16th century when the local economy went back on tracks, while the Protestant Reformation led to a strengthening of radical movements such as Schwenckfelder and Anabaptist groups. Because of major Lutheran influences it became one of the regional centres of Protestantism.
In the late 16th century a new city hall was built and many of the town houses were rebuilt in a Renaissance style. The town also built several facilities like paved roads and a sewer system. However, the Thirty Years' War and stern measures of the Counter-Reformation damaged the city and ended the period of prosperity.
During the Second Silesian War, Hungarian troops and Pandurs again devastated the town. On 14 February 1745, Prussian troops under General Hans von Lehwaldt defeated the Austrian Habsburg forces of Georg Oliver von Wallis nearby. After the Silesian Wars, Habelschwerdt, together with the County of Kladsko and most of Silesia, came under Prussian rule according to the 1763 Treaty of Hubertusburg. In the War of the Bavarian Succession, skirmishers from Austrian army commanded by Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser fought there against the Prussian garrison, and one of the blockhouses caught fire, resulting in the destruction of most of the town in mid-January 1779.[2] During the Napoleonic Wars, the town was occupied by French forces and housed a garrison of the Grande Armée until 1813.
By 1818 the County of Kladsko was formally dissolved and Habelschwerdt was incorporated into the Prussian Province of Silesia. Although it was made the administrative seat of a rural district (Landkreis), comprising the southeastern parts of the former county, it was also struck by high taxes. It was not until the mid-19th century when the town fully recovered. The city hall was yet again rebuilt, the city moat and parts of the walls were leveled and the settlement expanded into new areas. After 1877, Habelschwerdt was connected to Glatz and Breslau by a railroad. In 1885, Habelschwerdt had a population of 5,597, while by 1939 it rose to 6,877. The end of the 19th century saw the whole Kłodzko Valley (Glatzer Kessel) turned into one of the most popular tourist regions. Countless hotels, sanatoria and spa were opened to the public in the nearby towns of Glatz, Bad Reinerz (present-day Duszniki-Zdrój) and Bad Landeck (Lądek-Zdrój), as well as in the town itself. The area of former Kladsko county became a popular place among the rich bourgeoisie of Breslau, Berlin, Vienna and Kraków.
During World War II Habelschwerdt was spared the fate of other German cities that were levelled to the ground. There were no important industrial centres in the area and most of the Kłodzko Valley was not captured by the Red Army until after the capitulation of Germany. After the war the region was placed under Polish administration by the Potsdam Agreement under territorial changes demanded by the Soviet Union. Most of the remaining German population fled or was expelled and replaced with Poles expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.
On 28 June 1972 the Catholic parishes of Bystrzyca Kłodzka were redeployed from the traditional Hradec Králové diocese (est. 1664; Ecclesiastical Province of Bohemia) into the Archdiocese of Wrocław.[3] Between 1975 and 1998 Bystrzyca belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship. It continued to be one of the principal mountain resorts of the area. Thanks to its historical landmarks as well as virgin landscapes, Bystrzyca Kłodzka remains one of the most popular centres of tourism and winter sports in Lower Silesia.
Notable people
- Titus Ullrich (1813–1891), poet and art critic
- Hermann Stehr (1864–1940), poet
- Jan Liwacz (1898–1980), blacksmith who created the Arbeit Macht Frei sign over Auschwitz
- Hanson Milde-Meissner (1899–1983), composer
- Andreas Hönisch (1930–2008), cleric
- Georg Katzer (born 1935), composer
- Marcin Marciniszyn (born 1982), sprinter
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Bystrzyca Kłodzka is twinned with:
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References
- ^ Ludność. Stan i struktura w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 III 2011.
- ^ Template:De icon Oscar Criste. Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser. Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Band 44 (1898), S. 338–340, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource. (Version vom 24. März 2010, 3:18 Uhr UTC).
- ^ Paulus VI, Constitutio Apostolica "Vratislaviensis - Berolinensis et aliarum", in: Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 64 (1972), n. 10, pp. 657seq.
External links
50°18′N 16°39′E / 50.300°N 16.650°E
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