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Chinese pyramids

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The tumulus mound covering the tomb of Emperor Jing of Han[1] (r. 156-141 BCE), located outside of Xi'an

The term Chinese pyramids refers to pyramidal shaped structures in China, most of which are ancient mausoleums and burial mounds built to house the remains of several early emperors of China and their imperial relatives. About 38 of them are located around 25 kilometres (16 mi) - 35 kilometres (22 mi) north-west of Xi'an, on the Qin Chuan Plains in Shaanxi Province. The most famous is the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, northeast of Xi'an and 1.7 km west of where the Terracotta Warriors were found[citation needed].

Although known in the West for at least a century, their existence has been made controversial by sensationalist publicity and the problems of Chinese archaeology in early 20th century.

Earliest tombs

The earliest tombs in China are found just north of Beijing in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and in Liaoning. They belong to the Neolithic Hongshan culture (4700 to 2900 BC).

The site of Niuheliang in Liaoning contains a pyramidal structure.

Information available in the West

The 'Tomb of the General' in Ji'an, Jilin, China. It was built during the Goguryeo Kingdom (37 BC – 668 AD)
Pottery figurines of domesticated animals and female servants dressed in silk robes, excavated from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (r. 156-141 BCE) near modern Xi'an (ancient Chang'an)

In 1667 the Jesuit Father Athanasius Kircher wrote about Chinese pyramids in his book China monumentis Illustrata.

The existence of "pyramids" in China remained little known in the Western world until the 1910s. They were documented in large numbers around Xian, first in 1912 by the Western traders Fred Meyer Schroder and Oscar Maman, and also in 1913 by the expedition of Victor Segalen. He wrote about the First Emperor's tomb, and about the other mound tombs in the region in his Mission Archeologique en Chine (1914): L'art funéraire à l'époque des Han.[2]

Sensational claims

The introduction of pyramids in China to popular attention came soon after World War II. Many early stories were focused on the existence of a "Great White Pyramid" (Maoling). This is the tomb of Emperor Wu of Han (156–87 BCE) located in Xingping, Shaanxi Province.

U.S. Army Air Corps pilot James Gaussman is said to have seen a white jewel-topped pyramid during a flight between India and China during World War II. Colonel Maurice Sheahan, Far Eastern director of the Trans World Airline, told an eyewitness account of his encounter with a pyramid in the March 28, 1947 edition of The New York Times.[3] A photo of Sheahan's pyramid appeared in The New York Sunday News on March 30, 1947. This photograph later became attributed to James Gaussman.

Chris Maier showed that the pyramid in the photo is the Maoling Mausoleum of Emperor Wu just outside Xi'an. Pseudohistorians, through promoting their theories, have increased western awareness of these pyramids. Hartwig Hausdorf speculated it was built by aliens, and Philip Coppens repeated this theory.[4]

Despite claims to the contrary, the existence of these pyramid-shaped tomb mounds was known by scientists in the West before the publicity caused by the story in 1947. Shortly after the New York Times story, Science News Letter (now Science News) published a short item saying: "The Chinese pyramids of that region are built of mud and dirt and are more like mounds than the pyramids of Egypt, and the region is little travelled. American scientists who have been in the area suggest that the height of 1,000 feet (300 m), more than twice as high as any of the Egyptian pyramids, may have been exaggerated, because most of the Chinese mounds of that area are built relatively low. The location, reported 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Sian, is in an area of great archaeological importance, but few of the pyramids have ever been explored."[5]

Some of the pyramids of Xi'an are currently tourist attractions, such as for example the Han Yang Ling Mausoleum of the Western Han Dynasty, and several of them have museums attached to them.

Partial list of mausoleums and tombs in China

Xi'an, area of the majority of pyramids in China.
A modern model portraying how Emperor Jing's tomb complex would have appeared upon completion
Outlines of various pyramids overlaid on top of on another to show relative height
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data is available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.

Zhou dynasty tombs complex near Luoyang, Henan

Zhao Kings' tombs complex near Handan, Hebei

Yan King's burial mounds in Yixian, Hebei

Qin dynasty mausoleums near Xi'an, Shaanxi

Western Han dynasty mausoleums complex in Xianyang and around Xi'an, Shaanxi

Maoling Mausoleum group:

Pingling Mausoleum group:

Yanling Mausoleum group:

Kangling Mausoleum group:

Weiling Mausoleum group:

Group of two "tombs of Zhou Kings" (possibly from Han era):

  • Tomb of King Wu of Zhou
  • Tomb of King Wen of Zhou

Yiling mausoleum group:

Anling mausoleum group:

Changling mausoleum group:

Yangling mausoleum group:

Baling mausoleum group:

Duling mausoleum group:

Eastern Han mausoleums near Luoyang, Henan

Yangling, Shaanxi

Xining, Qinghai

Tang dynasty mausoleums in Shaanxi

Mausoleum of Emperor Xiaojing of Tang near Goushi, Henan

Imperial mausoleums complex of Song dynasty in and around Gongyi, Henan

Elsewhere

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Tomb of Empror Jing of Han".
  2. ^ Review in the Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, Vol. 1, No. 3/4. (Nov., 1936), pp. 391-393.
  3. ^ "U.S. Flier Reports Huge Chinese Pyramid In Isolated Mountains Southwest of Sian". The New York Times. United Press. 1947-03-28. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
  4. ^ "China's Great Pyramids Controversy". Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  5. ^ The Science News-Letter, Vol. 51, No. 15. (Apr. 12, 1947), pp. 232-233.
  6. ^ http://server1.docfoc.us/uploads/Z2016/01/04/43gx58XwDT/16f3e1b3326b07aba1a7134b862e6f1b.pdf p. 10.
  7. ^ Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1993). "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan". Muqarnas. 10. Brill Publishers: 369–381. doi:10.2307/1523201. JSTOR 1523201.
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