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Clarence Birdseye

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Clarence Frank Birdseye II
File:Clarence Birdseye.jpg
Born
Clarence Frank Birdseye II

(1886-12-09)December 9, 1886
Brooklyn, New York City, US
DiedOctober 7, 1956(1956-10-07) (aged 69)
Gramercy Park Hotel
Manhattan, New York City, US
NationalityAmerican
Known forFrozen food
Parent(s)Clarence Frank Birdseye I
Ada Jane Underwood

Clarence Frank Birdseye II (December 9, 1886 – October 7, 1956) was an American inventor, entrepreneur, and naturalist, and is considered to be the founder of the modern frozen food industry.

Early life

Clarence Birdseye was born in Brooklyn, New York, on December 9, 1886, the sixth of nine children of Clarence Frank Birdseye I and Ada Jane Underwood.[1]

Birdseye attended Montclair High School in New Jersey,[2] and was briefly a student at Amherst College, dropping out sometime around 1908, due to financial difficulties. He subsequently moved west for the United States Agriculture Department.[citation needed]

Birdseye began his career as a taxidermist.[3][4][5] He also worked in New Mexico and Arizona as an “assistant naturalist”, a job that involved killing off coyotes.[6] He also worked with entomologist Willard Van Orsdel King (1888-1970)[citation needed] in Montana, where, in 1910 and 1911, Birdseye captured several hundred small mammals, and King removed several thousand ticks for research, isolating them as the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Birdseye's next field assignment, off and on from 1912 to 1915, was in Labrador in the Dominion of Newfoundland (now part of Canada), where he became further interested in food preservation by freezing, especially fast freezing. He was taught by the Inuit how to ice fish under very thick ice. In -40 °C weather, he discovered that the fish he caught froze almost instantly, and, when thawed, tasted fresh. He recognized immediately that the frozen seafood sold in New York was of lower quality than the frozen fish of Labrador, and saw that applying this knowledge would be lucrative. His journals from this period, which record these observations, are held in the Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College.

Conventional freezing methods of the time were commonly done at higher temperatures, and thus the freezing occurred much more slowly, giving ice crystals more time to grow. It is now known that fast freezing produces smaller ice crystals, which cause less damage to the tissue structure. When 'slow' frozen foods thaw, cellular fluids leak from the ice crystal-damaged tissue, giving the resulting food a mushy or dry consistency upon preparation. Birdseye solved this problem.

In 1922, Birdseye conducted fish-freezing experiments at the Clothel Refrigerating Company, and then established his own company, Birdseye Seafoods Inc., to freeze fish fillets with chilled air at -43 °C (-45 °F). In 1924, his company went bankrupt for lack of consumer interest in the product. That same year he developed an entirely new process for commercially viable quick-freezing: packing fish in cartons, then freezing the contents between two refrigerated surfaces under pressure. Birdseye created a new company, General Seafood Corporation, to promote this method.

Industrial development

In 1925, his General Seafood Corporation moved to Gloucester, Massachusetts. There it employed Birdseye's newest invention, the double belt freezer, in which cold brine chilled a pair of stainless steel belts carrying packaged fish, freezing the fish quickly. His invention was subsequently issued as US Patent #1,773,079, marking the beginning of today's frozen foods industry. Birdseye took out patents on other machinery, which cooled even more quickly, so that only small ice crystals could form and cell membranes were not damaged. In 1927, he began to extend the process beyond fish to quick-freezing of meat, poultry, fruit, and vegetables.

In 1929, Birdseye sold his company and patents for $22 million to Goldman Sachs and the Postum Company, which eventually became General Foods Corporation, and which founded the Birds Eye Frozen Food Company. Birdseye continued to work with the company, further developing frozen food technology. In 1930, the company began sales experiments in 18 retail stores around Springfield, Massachusetts, to test consumer acceptance of quick-frozen foods. The initial product line featured 26 items, including 18 cuts of frozen meat, spinach and peas, a variety of fruits and berries, blue point oysters, and fish fillets. Consumers liked the new products and today this is considered the birth of retail frozen foods. The "Birds Eye" name remains a leading frozen-food brand.

Death

Birdseye died on October 7, 1956, of a heart attack at the Gramercy Park Hotel. He was 69 years old.[7] Birdseye was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea off Gloucester, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

In 2012 the first book-length biography of Birdseye, Mark Kurlansky's Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man, was published by Doubleday.[6]

References

  1. ^ Kurlansky, Mark (2012). Birdseye : The Adventures of a Curious Man (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0385527055.
  2. ^ Mattern, Joanne (2011). Clarence Birdseye: Frozen Food Innovator. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 6.
  3. ^ "Are people snobbish about frozen food?". BBC News. October 21, 2013.
  4. ^ "The History of Frozen Foods - Clarence Birdseye". Inventors.about.com. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  5. ^ "Who Made America? - Innovators - Clarence Birdseye". Pbs.org. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b Janet Maslin (April 25, 2012). "The Inventor Who Put Frozen Peas on Our Tables". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Clarence Birdseye Is Dead at 69. Inventor of Frozen-Food Process. Developed Method for Quick Freezing and Also Devised System for Dehydrating". New York Times. October 9, 1956. Retrieved 2008-07-16. Clarence Birdseye, the inventor of a process for quickfreezing foods, that made his name a household word in the United States, died Sunday night of a heart ailment in his residence at the Gramercy Park Hotel. He was 69 years old. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Further reading

  • "Clarence Birdseye" - Food Engineering. September 2003. p. 66.
  • About.com biography
  • History of Rocky Mountain Labs, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease [1]
  • Birdseye, Clarence & Eleanor G. (1951). Growing Woodland Plants. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.
  • Mark Kurlansky (2012). Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man. Doubleday. p. 272. ISBN 978-0385527057.
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