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Clavaria zollingeri

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Clavaria zollingeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Clavariaceae
Genus:
Clavaria
Species:
C. zollingeri
Binomial name
Clavaria zollingeri
Lév. (1846)
Synonyms[1]

Clavaria lavendula Peck (1910)

Clavaria zollingeri, commonly known as the violet coral or the magenta coral, is a widely distributed species of fungus. It produces striking tubular, purple to pinkish-violet fruit bodies that grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 7 cm (2.8 in) wide. The extreme tips of the fragile, slender branches are usually rounded and brownish. A typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi, Clavaria zollingeri is saprobic, and so derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies are typically found growing on the ground in woodland litter, or in grasslands. Variations in branching and color can often be used to distinguish C. zollingeri from similarly colored coral fungi such as Alloclavaria purpurea and Clavulina amethystina, although microscopy is required to reliably identify the latter species.

Taxonomy and phylogeny

The species was first described scientifically by French mycologist Joseph-Henri Léveillé in 1846.[2] It was named after German botanist Heinrich Zollinger, who researched the genus Clavaria,[3] and collected the type specimen in Java, Indonesia. Léveillé considered the dichotomous branching to be the prominent characteristic that separated this species from the otherwise similar Clavaria amethystina.[2] American Charles Horton Peck published a species collected from Stow, Massachusetts as Clavaria lavendula in 1910,[4] but this is a synonym.[1] The mushroom is commonly known as the "violet coral",[5] or the "magenta coral".[6]

In a 1978 classification of the genus Clavaria, Ronald Petersen placed C. zollingeri in the subgenus Clavaria, a grouping of species with clamp connections absent from all septa in the fruit body; others in the subgenus included C. purpurea, C. fumosa, and the type, C. vermicularis.[7] A large-scale molecular analysis of the phylogenetic distributions and limits of clavarioid fungi in the family Clavariaceae was published by Bryn Dentiger and David McLaughlin in 2006. Based on their analysis of ribosomal DNA sequences, C. zollingeri shared the greatest genetic similarity with Clavulinopsis laeticolor. Petersen's concept of the infrageneric classification of Clavaria was largely rejected in this analysis, as two of the three subgenera he proposed were found to be polyphyletic.[8]

Description

The extreme tips of the branches are rounded and brownish.

The coloring of the fruit bodies is quite variable, ranging from violet to amethyst,[6] or violet shaded with brown or red. The colors may be variable over the fruit body; in one instance the outside branches were brown while the inner branches in the center of the bundle were light violet. Dried specimens may lose their coloring almost entirely, as the pigments may be sensitive to light or dryness.[9] The fruit body is typically 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) tall and 4 to 7 cm (1.6 to 2.8 in) wide. The stem, or base, is short, and the branching starts a short distance above the ground.[6] The surfaces of the fragile branches are smooth and dry; the branches are 2–6 thick, typically with rounded tips.[9] It has no distinguishable odor, and a taste somewhat like radishes or cucumber.[6][10] Although edible in small quantities, the fragile fruit bodies are of limited culinary value, and may have a laxative effect.[11]

In mass, the spores (produced on the surface of the branches) are white. Light microscopy reveals additional details: the spores are roughly spherical to broadly elliptical, with dimensions of 4–7 by 3–5 μm.[6] They have a clear apiculus about 1 μm long, and a single large oil droplet.[9] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are four-spored, do not have clamps, and measure 50–60 by 7–9 μm, gradually widening at the apex.[12]

Similar species

Alloclavaria purpurea

Other lavender to violet-colored corals include Clavulina amethystinoides, which is so multiply branched so as to appear toothed, and Clavulina amethystina, which can only be reliably distinguished by its two-spored basidia in comparison to the four-spored basidia of Clavaria species.[3] In Alloclavaria purpurea, the branching is reduced and the color usually a duller purple.[13] The Australian coral Clavaria versatilis is also similar in appearance to Clavaria zollinger, but has branch tips that end in two short and blunt processes that are the same color as the rest of the fruit body.[14] Ramariopsis pulchella—a small, violet-colored coral fungus rarely taller than 3 cm (1.2 in)—could be mistaken for a small C. zollingeri.[15] It has roughly spherical spores measuring 3.0–4.5 by 2.5–3.5 μm.[16]

Habitat and distribution

The fruit bodies of Clavaria zollingeri grow either solitarily, in groups, or in clusters on the ground in grassy spots, usually near hardwood trees,[3] or with mosses.[10] It is a saprobic species,[13] deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter. It has a widespread distribution, and has been found in Australia,[17] New Zealand,[18] North America,[13] South America,[19] and Asia (including Brunei,[20] India,[21] and Korea[22]). In North America, the distribution is restricted to the northeastern regions of the continent.[11] Rare in Europe, it is listed in the Red Lists of threatened species in Denmark[23] and Great Britain.[24] In Ireland, it is used as an indicator species to help assess the fungal diversity of nutrient-poor grasslands, a habitat under threat.[25][26] It was recorded from the Netherlands for the first time in 2006.[9]

Bioactive compounds

Clavaria zollingeri contains lectins, a class of proteins that bind specific carbohydrates on the surface of cells, causing them to clump together. A Korean study demonstrated that extracts of the fungus caused lymphoagglutination, a specific form of agglutination that involves white blood cells.[22] In general, lectins are used in blood typing and serology, and they are widely used in affinity chromatography for purifying proteins.

References

  1. ^ a b "Clavaria zollingeri Lév". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  2. ^ a b Léveillé JH. (1846). "Descriptions des champignons de l'herbier du Muséum de Paris". Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique. III (in French). 5: 111–67.
  3. ^ a b c Metzler V, Metzler S. (1992). Texas Mushrooms: A Field Guide. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 248. ISBN 0292751257.
  4. ^ Peck CH. (1910). "Report of the State Botanist. 1909". Bulletin of the New York State Museum. 139: 47.
  5. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society.
  6. ^ a b c d e McKnight VB, McKnight KH. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 72–3. ISBN 0395910900.
  7. ^ Petersen RH. (1978). "Notes on clavarioid fungi. XV. Reorganization of Clavaria, Clavulinopsis and Ramariopsis". Mycologia. 70 (3): 660–71. doi:10.2307/3759402. JSTOR 3759402.
  8. ^ Dentinger BTM, McLaughlin DJ. (2006). "Reconstructing the Clavariaceae using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences and a new genus segregated from Clavaria". Mycologia. 98 (5): 746–62. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.5.746. PMID 17256578.
  9. ^ a b c d Groenendaal M, van den Berg A. (2006). "Clavaria zollingeri in een wegberm in Nederland" (PDF). Coolia (in Dutch). 49 (4): 187–90. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ a b Kuo M, Methven A. (2010). 100 Cool Mushrooms. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780472034178.
  11. ^ a b Sicard M, Lamoureux Y. (2005). Connaître, Cueillir et Cuisiner: Les Champignons Sauvages du Québec (in French). Saint-Laurent, Québec: Éditions Fides. p. 328. ISBN 2762126177.
  12. ^ Ellis JB, Ellis MB. (1990). Fungi Without Gills (Hymenomycetes and Gasteromycetes): An Identification Handbook. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. p. 64. ISBN 0412369702.
  13. ^ a b c Kuo M. (April 2007). "Clavaria zollingeri". Mushroom Expert. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
  14. ^ Smith KN. (2005). A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia. Sydney, Australia: UNSW Press. p. 93. ISBN 0868407429.
  15. ^ Roberts P, Evans S. (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 490. ISBN 9780226721170.
  16. ^ Miller HR, Miller OK Jr. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, Connecticut: Falcon Guide. p. 346. ISBN 0762731095.
  17. ^ Petersen RH. (1978). "Genus Clavaria in southeastern Australia". Australian Journal of Botany. 26 (3): 415–24. doi:10.1071/BT9780415.
  18. ^ "Family: Clavariaceae". The Hidden Forest. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  19. ^ Henao LG. (1989). "Notes on the Aphyllophorales of Colombia Basidiomycetes Aphyllophorales". Caldasia (in Spanish). 16 (76): 1–9.
  20. ^ Roberts PJ, Spooner BM. (2000). "Cantharelloid, clavarioid and thelephoroid fungi from Brunei Darussalam". Kew Bulletin. 55 (4): 843–51. doi:10.2307/4113629.
  21. ^ Mohanan C. (2011). Macrofungi of Kerala. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. ISBN 81-85041-73-3.
  22. ^ a b Jeune-Chung KH, Kim MK, Chung SR. (1987). "Studies on lectins from mushrooms II. Screening of bioactive substance lectins from Korean wild mushrooms". Yakhak Hoeji (in Korean). 31 (4): 213–8.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ "Clavaria zollingeri Lév". NERI - The Danish Red Data Book. Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser. Retrieved 2010-06-26.
  24. ^ "Clavaria zollingeri Lév., Annls Sci. Nat. Bot., sér. 3 5: 155 (1846)". Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2012-05-17.
  25. ^ McHugh R, Mitchel D, Wright M, Anderson R. (2001). "The Fungi of Irish Grasslands and their value for nature conservation". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 101B (3): 225–42. JSTOR 20500123.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ Mitchel D. "Clavaria zollingeri – the violet coral". Northern Ireland Priority Species. National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
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