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Climate of Quetta

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Quetta, Pakistan features a continental and semi-arid climate with significant variations between summer and winter temperatures. The highest temperature recorded in Quetta was 42 °C (108 °F) on 10 July 1998.[1] The lowest temperature in Quetta is −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) which was recorded on 8 January 1970.[1]

Summer starts in late May and continues until early September with average temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). Autumn starts in late September and continues until mid-November with average temperatures of 12 °C (54 °F) to 18 °C (64 °F). Winter starts from the first week of October and ends in late March, with average temperatures near 4 °C (39 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F). Spring starts in early April and ends in late May, with average temperatures close to 15 °C (59 °F).[2][3] Unlike most of Pakistan, however, Quetta does not have a monsoon of sustained, heavy rainfall. The highest rainfall during a 24-hour period is 113 millimetres (4.4 in) recorded on 17 December 2000;[1] the highest monthly rainfall is 232.4 millimetres (9.15 in), which was recorded in March, 1982;[1] and the highest annual rainfall recorded is 949.8 millimetres (37.39 in) in 1982.[1] The principle mode of precipitation in winter is snow, falls mostly in December, January, February and sometimes even in March.

Climate data for Quetta (1991-2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.6
(74.5) 		26.7
(80.1) 		31.5
(88.7) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		41.5
(106.7) 		42.0
(107.6) 		40.6
(105.1) 		38.3
(100.9) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.0
(96.8) 		25.0
(77.0) 		42.0
(107.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 11.8
(53.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		19.5
(67.1) 		25.9
(78.6) 		31.4
(88.5) 		35.5
(95.9) 		36.8
(98.2) 		35.4
(95.7) 		31.9
(89.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		19.6
(67.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		25.2
(77.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		7.1
(44.8) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		27.3
(81.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		27.5
(81.5) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.5
(61.7) 		11.0
(51.8) 		6.5
(43.7) 		17.2
(62.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.9
(28.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		14.6
(58.3) 		19.0
(66.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		13.6
(56.5) 		7.0
(44.6) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F) −18.3
(−0.9) 		−16.7
(1.9) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.9
(48.0) 		3.3
(37.9) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−18.3
(−0.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.0
(2.17) 		58.4
(2.30) 		49.5
(1.95) 		40.0
(1.57) 		17.8
(0.70) 		3.2
(0.13) 		8.8
(0.35) 		4.9
(0.19) 		4.2
(0.17) 		4.5
(0.18) 		19.3
(0.76) 		34.6
(1.36) 		300.2
(11.83)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 22
(8.7) 		17
(6.6) 		3.0
(1.2) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0
(0) 		0.51
(0.2) 		14
(5.4) 		56.51
(22.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.0 5.7 5.4 4.1 1.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.6 1.7 2.7 29.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 220.1 209.05 232.5 273.0 334.8 327.0 313.1 313.1 294.0 306.9 279.0 238.7 3,341.25
Source 1: NOAA,[4] Hong Kong Observatory (altitude: 1589 m) (only snow inch, sun)[5]
Source 2: PMD[6]

Monthly climate cycle

The monthly breakup of the weather in Quetta is as follows:

January

January is the coldest month in Quetta, and Western Disturbances causes rainfall with occasional snowfall in the city. The highest temperature on record 23.6 °C (74.5 °F) on 28 January 1987; and the lowest temperature is −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F), recorded on 8 January 1970.[1] The highest monthly rainfall recorded was 178 millimetres (7.0 in) in 1982;[1] while the most rain in a 24-hours period was 69 millimetres (2.7 in) on 30 January 1982.[1]

January is the most probable month for snow. Western disturbances are at the peak of their season, and the combination of wintriness makes this month most suitable for the season's heavy snow. All the decades of this month are crucial for the snow to fall. During the past years the city have seen some record snowfalls during this month.

February

The weather in February is somewhat similar to that of January: generally cold, with Western Disturbance causing rains and snowfall. The highest temperature ever recorded was 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) on 16 February 2002, and lowest temperature was −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) on 1 February 1970.[1] While the highest monthly rainfall is 189.2 millimetres (7.45 in) in 1982;[1] The heaviest rainfall in 24-hours was 54 millimetres (2.1 in) on 17 February 2003.[1]

On 28 February 2011 heavy hailstorms lashed the valley followed by heavy rainfall.[7] A total of 126 millimetres (5.0 in) of rainfall was recorded during the month of February in 2011, which is the third highest rain in February after the record 189.2 millimetres (7.45 in) of rain in 1982 and 141 millimetres (5.6 in) in 2003.[8][9]

The probability of falling snow in this month is high, every year the city receives light to moderate snow during the month mostly during the first two decades of the month, however the there are chances of snow even in the last decade of the month.

March

March is the wettest month of the city, and remains cool, but towards the end of the month becomes warmer. Western Disturbances continues to effect the weather, producing hailstorms and causing rains with strong winds, and the chances of snowfall on the mountains around the city, and occasional chances of snowfall in the city mostly during the first two decades of the month. The likelihood of thunderstorms is very high during the month, with the possibility of some incredible thunders in the city followed by heavy downpour.

On 8 March 2007 light snowfall occurred in the city. The highest temperature for the month of March was 31 °C (88 °F) on 8 March 2004, while the lowest was −8.3 °C (17.1 °F) on 12 March 1973.[1] The highest monthly rainfall recorded was 232.4 millimetres (9.15 in) in 1982;[1] the heaviest rain in a 24-hours period was 75 millimetres (3.0 in) on 31 March 1985.[1]

April

Thunderstorms persist during the first decade of the month, and continue intermittently during the second and third decades. The weather in April is similar to the weather of March. The highest temperature recorded was 35 °C (95 °F) on 27 April 1979, and lowest temperature was −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) on 2 April 1965.[1] The highest monthly rainfall was 158.7 millimetres (6.25 in) in 1992.[1] the heaviest rainfall in a 24-hour period was 49 millimetres (1.9 in) on 12 April 1983.[1]

In April 2011, Quetta saw two major wet spells, the first one commenced from 7 April to 12 April, while the second one started from 14 April to 17 April intermittently. During the period, the city was battered by heavy rainfalls and thunderstorms.[10] On 16 April, lightning killed one person and injured three persons near Pashtoon street in Brawrey.[11] In April 2011, Quetta received 42 millimetres (1.7 in) of rain, which is highest monthly rainfall in April since 2000.[12]

May

In May, the weather becomes hotter. The highest temperature was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) on 11 May 2000, and the lowest was −0.3 °C (31.5 °F) on 3 May 1989.[1] Humidity levels decline as compared to other months. The highest monthly rainfall recorded was 39.9 millimetres (1.57 in) in 1963;[1] and the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 28 millimetres (1.1 in) on 25 May 2003.[1] On 2 May 2005, a storm covered the entire city with a blanket of dust that lasted for many days.[13]

June

In June, temperatures continue to increase. Temperatures can reach 40 °C (104 °F), with the highest on record at 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) on 4 June 2005, and on four other occasions. The lowest temperature was 6 °C (43 °F) on 14 June 1979.[1][14]

In 2007, Cyclone Yemyin hit the coastal areas of Balochistan, and caused rains in most parts of the province, including Quetta[15] producing a record breaking 61 millimetres (2.4 in) of rain between 22 June to 30.[1] The heaviest rainfall in a 24-hour period of 20 millimetres (0.79 in) was recorded on 29 June 2007.[1]

On 27 June 2016 a cloudburst occurred in the afternoon.As a result of this cloudburst 50 mm (Quetta Samungli) rain fell in one and a half hour with big size hail stones, while 8 mm was recorded at Quetta (Sheikh Manda).

July

July is the hottest month in Quetta. Since Quetta lies partially outside the belt of the monsoon, the effect thereof is seldom visible in the city. However, sometimes if monsoon gets strong enough, then Quetta can also have some rains. The highest temperature recorded in the month was 46 °C (115 °F) on July 2014, while the lowest temperature was 10.6 °C (51.1 °F) on 11 July 1977.[1] and the highest rainfall for this month is 121.8 millimetres (4.80 in) in 1978;[1] On 14 July 2006 a severe dust storm hit the Quetta valley for three consecutive days, reducing visibility to less than a kilometer.[16] Again on 23 July 2007, another dust storm enveloped the city and its surroundings, reducing visibility to less than a kilometer but also affected both air and vehicle traffic.[17]

August

August is also a hot month in Quetta, with a highest temperature recorded of 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 9 August 1970; conversely the lowest temperature was 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) on 29 August 1972.[1] The heaviest monthly rainfall recorded was 121.8 millimetres (4.80 in) in 1978;[1] and the heaviest rainfall in 24-hours was 102 millimetres (4.0 in) on 3 August 1983.[1] On 6 August 2013 a severe rain storm with heavy downpour lash Quetta city, consequently at least two people died while several houses damaged in Nawan Kali area of the city, dozens of mud houses were destroyed in the rain while several trees and signboards were uprooted. Moreover at least five people, including three kids, sustained injuries when roof of a house collapsed. City roads were submerged under rain water caused severe traffic jams. Meanwhile, 220 kV transmission line tripped due to heavy rain and storm, disrupting electricity to 17 districts of the province including Quetta.[18] According to Pakistan Meteorological Department 12 millimetres (0.47 in) of rainfall was recorded during one and half hour rainfall.[19]

September

In September, the weather remains hot, but gets cooler towards the last week of the month. It is one of the driest months in the city. The highest recorded temperature was 39.3 °C (102.7 °F) on 16 September 2016, and lowest was −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) on 30 September 1962.[1] with the heaviest rainfall for a 24-hour period standing at 28 millimetres (1.1 in) on 5 September 1994.[1] On 8 September 2008, a dust storm covered the entire city, and lasted for many days.[20]

In 2011, a spell of monsoon rains produced widespread heavy rains in Sindh and northeastern parts of Balochistan. The weather system produced unusual record breaking rains in Quetta that broke the record for highest monthly rainfall of 62 millimetres (2.4 in), recorded in 1994.[1] On 3 September, 33 millimetres (1.3 in) rain was recorded again on 5 September, 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rain was recorded. In September 2011, 85 millimetres (3.3 in) of rain was recorded.[21][22]

October

October is the driest month in the city, with a record highest monthly rainfall of 68.8 millimetres (2.71 in) in 1982;[1] and a 24-hour record of 30 millimetres (1.2 in) on 19 October 1982.[1] The highest and lowest temperatures are 34 °C (93 °F) on 1 October 1998 and −6.7 °C (19.9 °F) on 27 October 1964, respectively.[1] In October, 2011 the city received its second highest rainfall of 31.1 millimetres (1.22 in).

November

Winter begins in November,as the Western Disturbance returns with rain and possibly snow over the mountains. The highest and lowest temperatures recorded for the month were 36 °C (97 °F) on 3 November 1998 and −13.3 °C (8.1 °F) on 30 November 1964, respectively.[1] On 14 November 2008, the minimum temperature recorded was −8 °C (18 °F) as the Quetta valley, and major parts of Balochistan, were in the grip of a cold front for several days.[1]

The heaviest rainfall recorded was 30 millimetres (1.2 in) for a 24-hour period on 16 November 2003.[1] While the heaviest rainfall for the month was 72 millimetres (2.8 in) in 2006;[1]

December

December is typically a chilly month. Western Disturbances begin to cause rain and snowfall. The heaviest rainfall for the month was 162 millimetres (6.4 in) in 1982;,[1] and the heaviest rainfall for 24-hours was recorded at 113 millimetres (4.4 in) on 17 December 2000.[1] The highest and lowest temperatures recorded were 25 °C (77 °F) on 14 December 1970 and −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) on 12 December 1964, respectively.[1]

December is the wettest month of the city during the winter season. The rainfall intensity gains strength during the last third of the month, but rainfall may occur earlier. There are fair chances of snowfall most probably during the last third.Light snowfall occurred on 9 December 2015 in quetta

In 2010, Quetta saw its record lowest monthly mean minimum for December since 2000 of −7 °C (19 °F). The severe cold wave started on 28 November 2010 and continued till 17 January 2011. Pakistan Meteorological Department had forecasted in their Weather Advisory that during the coming period, mercury level may reach −12 °C (10 °F).[23][24] However at the peak of the severe cold wave the temperature dropped to −9 °C (16 °F) for consecutive four days, from 9 to 12 December 2010.[25] On the whole the temperature ranges between −5 °C (23 °F) to −9 °C (16 °F) during the severe cold wave.[26][27]

Cold front

Quetta is one of the coldest places in Balochistan and Pakistan. The lowest temperature of −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) in the history of Quetta was recorded on 8 January 1970.[1] Every year during winter season temperatures reaches near −10 °C (14 °F), while temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F) are not uncommon. For many consecutive years, the city had experienced a temperature below −14 °C (7 °F) several times.

The Pakistan Meteorological Department's recording of severe cold weather since 1960 are recorded below:[28][29]

History of severe cold wave in Quetta
Temperature below −10 °C (14 °F) recorded in Quetta since 1960
Date Year Temperature References
1962 30 November −13.3 °C (8.1 °F) [1][14]
1964 12 December −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) [1][14]
1970 8 January −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) [1][14]
1970 1 February −16.7 °C (1.9 °F) [1][14]
1973 28 January −11 °C (12 °F) [30]
1976 9 December −10 °C (14 °F) [31]
1978 27 December −11 °C (12 °F) [32]
1980 5 February −12 °C (10 °F) [33]
1984 20 February −11.3 °C (11.7 °F) [34]
1984 21 February −10.8 °C (12.6 °F) [34]
1984 22 December −10 °C (14 °F) [34]
1984 23 December −11 °C (12 °F) [34]
1984 24 December −11 °C (12 °F) [34]
1986 13 December −11 °C (12 °F) [35]
1986 14 December −12.2 °C (10.0 °F) [35]
1986 16 December −10.5 °C (13.1 °F) [35]
1987 3 December −10 °C (14 °F) [36]
1994 10 January −10.5 °C (13.1 °F) [37]
1994 10 December −11.5 °C (11.3 °F) [38]
1988 20 February −10.5 °C (13.1 °F) [39]
2001 2 February −10.1 °C (13.8 °F) [40]
2006 4 January −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) [41]
2006 5 January −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) [42]
2006 6 January −12.5 °C (9.5 °F) [42]
2006 7 January −11.1 °C (12.0 °F) [42]
2007 4 January −14 °C (7 °F) [43][44][45][46]
2008 6 January −11 °C (12 °F) [47]
2008 5 February −15 °C (5 °F) [48]
2008 8 February −10 °C (14 °F) [49]
2010 10 February −10 °C (14 °F) [49]
2010 31 December −10 °C (14 °F) [50]
2011 1 January −10 °C (14 °F) [50][51]
2011 22 December −11 °C (12 °F) [52][53]
2012 8 January −11 °C (12 °F) [54][55]
2013 4 January −11 °C (12 °F) [56]
2013 17 January −11 °C (12 °F) [57]
2013 30 December −13 °C (9 °F) [58][59]

Snowfall

Quetta usually receives snow in December, January, and February, though it is not unusual to have a snowfall as late as March.[60] During the drought of 1998-2002, Quetta didn't receive any snowfall; while in 2004, 2005, and 2008 it snowed only once in the year. In 2004 and 2008, the city received heavy snow twice after hiatus of fifteen years.[61][62]

On 31 December 2004 Quetta received more than one foot of snow for the first time in fifteen years,[61][63][64] though in 2006, 2007 and 2009 the city did not get snow. On 29 January 2008, Quetta had four inches in four hours,[62] a few days later, on 2 February 2008, Quetta received more than one foot of snow in just 10 hours.[65] During the winter of 2010, there was no snowfall due to the El-Nino weather system over Pakistan.[66]

The major snowfalls in Quetta since 2000 are:

  • On 18 February 2003 Quetta received 6 inches of snowfall for the first time since the drought hit the province in 1998.[67]
  • On 29 January 2004 Quetta received heavy snowfall after a long period of five years.[62]
  • On 31 December 2004 Quetta received more than one foot of snowfall after fifteen years.[61][63][64]
  • On 29 January 2008 Quetta received more than four inches of snowfall in four hours.[68]
  • On 2 February 2008 Quetta received more than one foot of snow in just 10 hours.[65]
  • On 12 February 2009, Quetta received heavy snowfall.[69]
  • On 21 January 2012, Quetta received more than one 6 inches of snow till night.[70]
  • On 22 January 2012, Quetta received more than 8 inches of snow.[71][72]
  • On 24 January 2012, Quetta received more than 2 inches of snow.[73][74]
  • On 30 January 2012, Quetta received more than 2 inches of snow.[75][76]
  • On 17 February 2012, Quetta received more than 2 inches of snow.[77]
  • On 8 January 2014, Quetta received one foot of snow.[78]

Annual rainfall

The average annual rainfall for Quetta is 212.9 millimetres (8.38 in).[1] The city mainly receives rain from the west during the winter season, from November till the end March. In 2003, the city received light snowfall of 6 inches for the first time since the drought hit the province in 1998. In 2004 and 2005, Quetta received normal rains with snow falling two time in January 2004 and December, 2004 and light snow in 2005. While in 2006 Quetta received almost normal rainfalls although above normal rains in July and August. The rainfall in 2007 were also normal while received record breaking monthly rainfall of 61 millimetres (2.4 in) in June. In 2008 Quetta received normal rains with snow falling two times in January, and February. In 2009 Quetta received the heaviest annual rainfall since 2000, a total of 320.4 millimetres (12.61 in) of rain fell with no snow was recorded except the traces of snowfall in February. In 2010 the city received below normal rains of just 104 millimetres (4.1 in), the lowest since 2001.

The annual rainfall since 1982, based on data from Pakistan Meteorological Department:[28]

Year Rainfall(mm) Notes References
1982 949.8 millimetres (37.39 in) The highest annual rainfall ever recorded in Quetta. [1]
1991 360 millimetres (14 in) [79]
1992 349 millimetres (13.7 in) [79]
1993 190 millimetres (7.5 in) [79]
1994 225 millimetres (8.9 in) [79]
1995 290 millimetres (11 in) [79]
1996 155 millimetres (6.1 in) [79]
1997 305 millimetres (12.0 in) [79]
1998 152 millimetres (6.0 in) [79]
1999 150 millimetres (5.9 in) [79]
2000 60 millimetres (2.4 in) [79]
2001 80 millimetres (3.1 in) [79]
2002 115 millimetres (4.5 in) [79]
2003 219 millimetres (8.6 in) *Data of Oct, Nov & Dec not available. 6 Inch Snowfall recorded. [80][81][82]
2004 105.9 millimetres (4.17 in) More than 16 Inches of snowfall recorded, after a long period of five years [83]
2005 310.5 millimetres (12.22 in) [84]
2006 223 millimetres (8.8 in) *Data of Sept & Oct not available [85][86][87]
2007 284 millimetres (11.2 in) [citation needed]
2008 138 millimetres (5.4 in) More than 14 Inches of snowfall recorded [88]
2009 317 millimetres (12.5 in) [89]
2010 104 millimetres (4.1 in) [90]
2011 437.6 millimetres (17.23 in) [91]
2012 265.7 millimetres (10.46 in) More than 20 Inches of Snowfall recorded, heaviest snowfall since 1996. [92]
2013 316.7 millimetres (12.47 in) More than one foot of Snowfall recorded. [93]
2014 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in) As of 19 January 2014. [94]

2016 27 June 2016 60 mm rainfall was recorded

Drought

Quetta was affected by a severe drought spell resulted from very low rainfall in the winter season of 1998. The La-Nina phenomena was responsible for below normal rains Balochistan including Quetta city from 1998, after diminishing in December, 2000 it was reappeared, and lasted till March, 2001 after that it faded gradually in the next few months. During the severe drought North Balochistan received about 30% less rain while South Balochistan received 50-60% less than normal rain.[95]

At the peak of the drought in 2000, the city received just 60 millimetres (2.4 in) of rainfall, while almost no rainfall or snowfall was observed in winter season. The drought enveloped the whole country and resulted in 30% below normal rains in Pakistan. At least 1.2 million people in Balochistan were affected by drought, and over 100 died, mostly because of dehydration, according to the government sources.[96]

Pakistan Meteorological Departments in Quetta

  • Regional Met. Centre, Quetta
  • Geophysical Centre, Quetta

See also

References

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  4. ^ "Quetta Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
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  14. ^ a b c d e "Extreme weather records of Quetta". Pakmet.com.pk. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
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  16. ^ "PIA cancels Quetta flights". Dawn.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010. [dead link‍]
  17. ^ "Quetta flights cancelled due to bad weather". Historyofpia.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  18. ^ http://www.urduwire.com/en/news/two-killed-several-houses-destroyed-after-rain-in-quetta_nid959719.aspx
  19. ^ http://www.pmd.gov.pk/FFD/index_files/daily/rainfallaug13.htm
  20. ^ "Dusty weather and poor visibility in Quetta". Nation.com.pk. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
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  25. ^ "Temperature plunges to -9". App.com.pk. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
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  27. ^ "Severe Cold Wave in Quetta 20 December, 2010". Urduwire.com. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
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