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Cushing, Oklahoma

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Cushing, Oklahoma
City
Pipeline Crossroads of the World monument, 2006
Pipeline Crossroads of the World monument, 2006
Nickname: 
"Pipeline Crossroads of the World"
Motto: 
"Personal Connections. Global Impact."
Location of Cushing, Oklahoma
Location of Cushing, Oklahoma
CountryUnited States
StateOklahoma
CountyPayne
Area
 • Total7.6 sq mi (19.8 km2)
 • Land7.6 sq mi (19.8 km2)
 • Water0.0 sq mi (0.0 km2)
Elevation
935 ft (285 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total7,826
 • Density1,096.1/sq mi (423.2/km2)
Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)
ZIP code
74023
Area code(s)539/918
FIPS code40-18850Template:GR
GNIS feature ID1091897Template:GR

Cushing (Pawnee: Túhkiicahihtuʾ [1]) is a city in Payne County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,826 at the 2010 census, a decline of 6.5 percent from 8,371 at the 2000 census.[2]

The city was established after the Land Run of 1891 by William "Billy Rae" Little.[3] It was named for Marshall Cushing, private secretary to U.S. Postmaster General John Wanamaker.[3] An oil boom that began in 1912 led to the city's development as a refining center.[3]

Today, Cushing is a major trading hub for crude oil and a famous price settlement point for West Texas Intermediate on the New York Mercantile Exchange.[4]

History

The area that would become Cushing was part of the Sac and Fox Reservation. With the Land Run of 1891, a former government trader for the tribe, Billy Rae Little, built a house, established his claim, and laid out town lots.[3] The town got a post office on November 10, 1891 and was named for Marshall Cushing, private secretary to U.S. Postmaster General John Wanamaker.[3]

In 1902, the Eastern Oklahoma Railway line to Cushing was built. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway added service on its own line built in 1903.[3]

Wildcatter Thomas B. Slick started an oil boom on March 17, 1912 when he brought in a gusher east of the town. Other wells were soon drilled nearby, and the oil field became known as the Cushing-Drumright Oil Field.[3] Oil production became based in nearby Drumright, Oklahoma, and Cushing became a refining center, when Consumers Oil Company opened a refinery in 1913.[3]

The oil boom did not last long. Annual production peaked in 1915 with 8.3 million barrels of oil, but production declined by fifty percent in 1916. Refining operations continued in Cushing until the last two refineries, Kerr-McGee and Hudson, closed. Rail service ended in 1982.[3]

Geography

Cushing is located in Payne County, Oklahoma at the intersection of state highways 33 and 18. Its geographic coordinates are 35°58′57″N 96°45′51″W / 35.98250°N 96.76417°W / 35.98250; -96.76417 (35.982628, -96.764171)Template:GR. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.6 square miles (20 km2), of which, 7.6 square miles (20 km2) is land and 0.13% is water.

Climate

Climate data for Cushing, Oklahoma
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 81
(27) 		83
(28) 		92
(33) 		101
(38) 		100
(38) 		108
(42) 		117
(47) 		112
(44) 		110
(43) 		99
(37) 		85
(29) 		82
(28) 		117
(47)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 48
(9) 		54
(12) 		61
(16) 		73
(23) 		80
(27) 		89
(32) 		94
(34) 		95
(35) 		88
(31) 		76
(24) 		62
(17) 		52
(11) 		73
(23)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25
(−4) 		30
(−1) 		36
(2) 		49
(9) 		59
(15) 		67
(19) 		71
(22) 		70
(21) 		61
(16) 		51
(11) 		37
(3) 		29
(−2) 		49
(9)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24) 		3
(−16) 		−2
(−19) 		23
(−5) 		32
(0) 		45
(7) 		55
(13) 		51
(11) 		35
(2) 		24
(−4) 		10
(−12) 		−1
(−18) 		−11
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.3
(33) 		1.6
(41) 		2.1
(53) 		3.5
(89) 		5.8
(150) 		5.1
(130) 		4.3
(110) 		2.7
(69) 		3.7
(94) 		3
(76) 		1.6
(41) 		1.3
(33) 		35.8
(910)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.6
(9.1) 		2.1
(5.3) 		1.3
(3.3) 		0.1
(0.25) 		— — — — — — 0.3
(0.76) 		1.4
(3.6) 		8.8
(22)
Average rainy days 3.3 3.9 5 6.5 7.4 7.8 7.1 5.2 5.9 5 3.1 3.3 63.5
Average relative humidity (%) 70 68 63 62 70 69 66 64 63 63 61 66 65
Source 1: weather.com
Source 2: Weatherbase.com [5]



Demographics

As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there were 8,371 people, 3,071 households, and 2,002 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,096.1 people per square mile (423.0/km²). There were 3,636 housing units at an average density of 476.1 per square mile (183.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 79.66% White, 7.02% African American, 7.97% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 4.32% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.70% of the population.

There were 3,071 households out of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.99.

In the city the population was spread out with 22.9% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 111.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 115.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $26,483, and the median income for a family was $32,284. Males had a median income of $26,710 versus $17,711 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,620. About 15.1% of families and 16.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Oil industry

Enbridge tank farm, 2010

Operators

Cushing is a "vital transshipment point with many intersecting pipelines, storage facilities and easy access to refiners and suppliers." Crude oil flows "inbound to Cushing from all directions and outbound through dozens of pipelines."[6] In 2005 crude oil and refined products in the U.S. were almost always transported by interconnected pipeline systems. In Oklahama eight private companies operated almost all the pipelines and frequently operated oil terminals and refineries: Valero Energy Corporation, L.P./Kaneb Services, L.L.C.; Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P.; Explorer Pipeline; Jayhawk, L.L.C.; Plains All American Pipeline, L.P.; Enbridge, Inc.; TEPPCO Partners, L.P.; and Sunoco.

The Enbridge Spearhead Pipeline (125,000 barrels per day (19,900 m3/d)) connects Cushing to Chicago.[7]

Cushing would be the southernmost hub of the proposed 2,148-mile (3,457 km) Keystone Pipeline, which would transport up to 435,000 barrels per day (69,200 m3/d) of crude oil from Hardisty, Alberta; the other proposed primary hub is in Patoka, Illinois.[8]

Cushing transhipment point for benchmark West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil

Cushing is the delivery point for West Texas Intermediate WTI, a blend of US light sweet crude oil streams.[6] traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange[9]

Cushing's strategic position as a major hub in oil supply led to WTI’s development as a significant physical market price reference or benchmark for over three decades.

In 2005 Cushing was described [10] as the most significant trading hub for crude oil in North America, connecting the Gulf Coast suppliers with northern consumers.

In 2006, with production increases from Canadian oil sands, one pipeline reversed direction, bringing crude into the Cushing Hub, rather than delivering crude from Cushing to oil refineries. [citation needed]

By 2007 Cushing held 5 to 10 percent of the total U.S. crude inventory. Signs made of a pipe and valve on the major highways near town proclaim Cushing to be the "Pipeline Crossroads of the World", and the town is surrounded by several tank farms.

Most storage tanks are owned by four entities: oil giant BP, and energy-transport and logistics firms Enbridge Energy Partners, Plains All American Pipeline, and SemGroup Energy Partners, a storage and pipeline company.

Oil storage, oil futures with Cushing as the main officially designated delivery point in the US

On April 13, 2007, the now-defunct Lehman Brothers released a study which claimed that West Texas Intermediate (WTI) Crude at Cushing is no longer an accurate gauge of world oil prices.[11] By May, 2007, Cushing's inventory fell by nearly 35% as the oil-storage trade heated up.[12]

Oil giant British Petroleum, and energy-transport and logistics firms Enbridge Energy Partners (an affiliate of Canada's Enbridge), Plains All American Pipeline and SemGroup Energy Partners owned most of the oil storage tanks in Cushing in October 2007.[12]

Oil storage became big business in 2008 and 2009, when the supply glut in the oil market led to situation where oil futures were higher priced than their spot price.[13] Many participants—including Wall Street giants, such as Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, and Citicorp—turned sizeable profits simply by sitting on tanks of oil.[12] Institutional investors bet on the future of oil prices through a financial instrument known as oil futures, in which investors contractually agree to buy or sell oil at a set date in the future. Investors can choose to take profits or losses prior to the oil-delivery date arrives. Alternatively, they can leave the contract in place and take physical delivery of the oil at an "officially designated delivery point" in the United States; this delivery point is usually Cushing.

On July 13, 2010, BP announced it will sell its assets in Cushing to Magellan Midstream Partners.[14]

Cushing storage hub bottleneck

The bottleneck at Cushing's giant storage hub distorted benchmark U.S. oil prices for many years. In 2007 a large stockpile of oil at the facility was caused largely because Valero Energy Corp.'s McKee refinery near Sunray, Texas, was shut down.[15] With the refinery closed, crude oil prices were artificially depressed at the Cushing pricing point. The Eagle North pipeline reactivated in 2010, added offtake capacity to Cushing by connecting Valero's oil refinery in Ardmore, Oklahoma with Cushing's cheap crude oil. This should have resulted in boosting WTI prices which were discounted against Brent crude oil because of the glut.[16]

In March 2013 Valero Energy Corp.'s (VLO) McKee refinery in Sunray, Texas was closed for five weeks for planned maintenance.[17]

Historically

In the early 20th century, Cushing was a center for exploration of and production from nearby oil fields. At least two refineries operated in the town. As the oil fields started to run dry, starting in the 1940s, production and refining became less important. However, the maze of pipelines and tanks that had been built led to the NYMEX choosing Cushing as the official delivery point for its light sweet crude futures contract in 1983.

Education

The Cushing school district has seven schools that include a preschool, four elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school. The district serves approximately 1,800 students.[18]

List of schools

  • Cushing High School
  • Cushing Middle School
  • Deep Rock Elementary School
  • Harmony Elementary School
  • Harrison Elementary School
  • Sunnyside Elementary School
  • Wilson School
  • Oak Grove School

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ "AISRI Dictionary Database Search--prototype version. "River", Southband Pawnee". American Indian Studies Research Institute. Retrieved 2012-05-26.
  2. ^ CensusViewer:Population of the City of Cushing, Oklahoma
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cushing, Encyclopedia of Oklahoma and History (accessed June 9, 2010).
  4. ^ "Light Sweet Crude Oil Futures".
  5. ^ "Historical Weather for Cushing, Oklahoma, United States".
  6. ^ a b "Light Sweet Crude Oil (WTI) Futures and Options: When the World Asks, "What's the Price of Crude Oil?" WTI is the Answer" (PDF). CME Group.
  7. ^ "Liquids Pipelines". Enbridge. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  8. ^ Ken Newton (June 09, 2010). "Oil Flows Through Keystone". St. Joseph, Missouri: St. Joseph News-Press. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). "Upcoming Pipeline Capacity Additions Will Facilitate Continued Growth in Crude Oil Shipments from Midwest to Gulf Coast" (PDF). This Week in Petroleum. CME Group.
  10. ^ The 2005 Oklahoma Refinery Report: Appendix A (PDF) (Report). Oklahoma: Office of the Secretary of Energy. April 2005.
  11. ^ Margot Habiby (2007-04-13). "WTI Prices Don't Reflect International Oil Market, Study Says". Bloomberg.
  12. ^ a b c Davis, Anne (6 October 2007). "Where Has All The Oil Gone? After Sitting on Crude, Speculators Unload It. The World's Eyes Fall on Cushing, Oklahoma". Wall Street Journal.
  13. ^ Norris, Michele (17 December 2008). "Contango In Oil Markets Explained".
  14. ^ "Magellan snaps up BP midstream package". Upstream Online. NHST Media Group. 2010-07-13. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  15. ^ Mark Shenk (2007-04-13). "Crude Oil in New York Falls on Increasing Supplies in Oklahoma".
  16. ^ Campbell, Robert (5 October 2010). "Valero oil refinery to link to Cushing hub soon". New York: Reuters.
  17. ^ "Refinery Status: Citgo Reports Leak at Corpus Christi - WSJ.com". Wall Street Journal. 4 Apr 2013.
  18. ^ Cushing School District, Education.com (accessed June 9, 2010).
  19. ^ News services and staff reports (December 28, 2013) "Star center fielder won two titles with Orioles" The Washington Post, page B4. Retrieved December 28, 2013[1]
  20. ^ "Kelly Cook". databaseFootball.com. Retrieved December 15, 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

External links

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