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Diedrich A. Bohlen

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Diedrich A. Bohlen
BornJanuary 17, 1827
Cadenberge, Kingdom of Hanover
DiedJune 1, 1890(1890-06-01) (aged 63)
Resting placeCrown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis, Indiana
OccupationArchitect
Political partyRepublican[1]
SpouseUrsula F. (Gonceau) Bohlen

Diedrich Augustus Bohlen (January 17, 1827 – June 1, 1890) a native of Cadenberge, Kingdom of Hanover, immigrated to the United States around 1851 and founded D. A. Bohlen, Architect, in 1853 at Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1971 it became Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates, and is among the oldest architectural firms in the United States still in operation. Bohlen is best known for introducing the German Neo-Gothic architecture style to Indiana. Bohlen and his firm specialized in institutional projects, especially civic, religious, and educational buildings. More than twenty of the firm's projects are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including several of D. A. Bohlen's designs: Morris-Butler House (1864); Foley Hall (1860) at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College; Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church (1871), its rectory (1863), and bishop's residence (1878); Indianapolis's Roberts Park Methodist Church (1876) and Crown Hill Cemetery's Gothic Chapel (1877); and in collaboration with his son, Oscar D. Bohlen, the Indianapolis City Market (1886).

Four successive generations of Bohlen architects have worked at the firm: Diedrich A. Bohlen (its founder), Oscar D. Bohlen (Diedrich's son), August C. Bohlen (Diedrich's grandson), and Robert L. Bohlen (Diedrich's great-grandson). In addition to Foley Hall, D. A. Bohlen and his firm designed many structures for the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods including the Church of the Immaculate Conception (1892) at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. Bohlen also designed several notable buildings around Indianapolis, including the German-English Independent School (1860), where he also served as a school trustee; United Evangelical Zion Church (1866), later renamed Zion United Church of Christ; the General German Protestant Orphans' Home (1872), later known as Pleasant Run Children's Home; Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1883); and Emmanuel Church (1883), later renamed Lockerbie Square United Methodist Church. In 1882 he remodeled a vacant seminary building for the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul to house Saint Vincent Infirmary, the predecessor to Indianapolis's Saint Vincent Hospital. Prior to his death in 1890, Bohlen collaborated with his son, Oscar, on the design for Tomlinson Hall (1886), located adjacent to the Indianapolis City Market. D. A. Bohlen is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis.

Early life and education

Bohlen was born on January 17, 1827, in Cadenberge, Kingdom of Hanover, approximately 40 miles (64 km) northwest of Hamburg, Germany. He received his architectural training at Holzminden, and after completion of his formal schooling hiked around northern Germany and Poland studying and sketching the local architecture.[2][3] Bohlen immigrated to the United States around 1851.[4]

Arriving at New Orleans, Louisiana, Bohlen spent a year in Cincinnati, Ohio, before moving to Indianapolis, Indiana. Bohlen worked for several architects in Indianapolis, including Francis Costigan, who became one of the city's noted architects. Before establishing his own architectural firm in 1853, Bohlen assisted Costigan in completing construction of the Indiana School for the Blind (1851) on North Street in Indianapolis.[5][6]

Marriage and family

At the time of his death in 1890, Bohlen's residence was at 71 Noble Street in the Fletcher Place neighborhood. He was survived by his wife, Ursula F. (Gonceau) Bohlen, and three children.[1][7][8] Oscar Diedrich Bohlen, the youngest of Bohlen's children, was born on July 12, 1863; he became a partner in the Bohlen architectural firm in 1884. August Carl Bohlen (Oscar's son and Diedrich's grandson) and Robert Lesh Bohlen (August's son and Diedrich's great-grandson) later became the third and fourth generations of Bohlen architects to work at the family firm.[9]

Career

Bohlen founded his architectural firm, originally named D. A. Bohlen, Architect, on April 10, 1853, at Indianapolis. His early commissions in Indianapolis included the Charles Mayer store façade (1853), the dome for Odd Fellows Grand Lodge (1854), and the Metropolitan (1858), the city's first theater.[10][11]

On July 9, 1863, Bohlen enlisted in the Union army, when Governor Oliver P. Morton called for volunteers to defend the state after Confederate General John Hunt Morgan crossed the Ohio River into southern Indiana during the American Civil War. Bohlen served as a private in the 107th Indiana Infantry Regiment, established on July 12, 1863. The 107th Indiana was one of fourteen "Minute Men" regiments and a battalion formed for emergency service during Morgan's Raid. The 107th Indiana was not called into the field and its men were mustered out on July 18, 1863; Bohlen resumed his architectural practice in Indianapolis.[12]

In the 1860s and early 1870s, Bohlen designed several residences for well-to-do families, including Indianapolis's Morris-Butler House (1864),[13] the Crown Hill Cemetery superintendent's home (1869) on the cemetery grounds,[14] and Churchman House (1871), also known as Hillside, for Indianapolis banker Francis M. Churchman on his farm, which later became part of Beech Grove, Indiana.[15]

Bohlen's firm specialized in architectural designs for religious, educational, and civic institutions. Although most of Bohlen's early projects were in the Indianapolis area, an early client was the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. He designed numerous structures on the campus of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College, a Roman Catholic liberal arts college near Terre Haute, Indiana. They include Foley Hall (1860),[16][17] Providence convent chapel (1863),[18] and the Church of the Immaculate Conception (1892).[19] After a fire destroyed the motherhouse in 1889, Oscar Bohlen continued his father's legacy as community architect at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, designing the Providence convent (1890).[20]

Indianapolis's German community was another source of Bohlen's early commissions. He was the architect for Indianapolis's German-English Independent School (1860) on Maryland Street and the General German Protestant Orphans' Home (1872), later known as Pleasant Run Children's Home, on South State Avenue.[21][22] Bohlen also designed several churches in Indianapolis, including Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church (1871), its rectory (1863), and bishop's residence (1878) at Georgia Street and Capitol Avenue;[23][24] United Evangelical Zion Church (1866) on West Ohio Street, between Meridian and Illinois Streets;[25][26] and Roberts Park Methodist Church (1876) at Delaware and Vermont Streets.[2][27]

In 1876 Matthew Roth became Bohlen's business partner, and in 1884, after Bohlen's son, Oscar, joined the firm, it was renamed D. A. Bohlen and Son, Architects.[2] Diedrich Bohlen designed several major projects in Indianapolis before his death in 1890, including Crown Hill Cemetery's Gothic Chapel (1877);[28][29] Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1883) at McCarty and New Jersey Streets;[30] and Emmanuel Church (1883), later renamed Lockerbie Square United Methodist Church, at East and New York Streets.[31]

In addition to designing new structures, Bohlen altered existing buildings. In 1882 he remodeled a vacant seminary building on East Vermont Street for the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul to house Saint Vincent Infirmary, the predecessor to Indianapolis's Saint Vincent Hospital.[32][33]

D. A. and Oscar Bohlen collaborated on the Indianapolis City Market (1886),[34] which is still in operation, and Tomlinson Hall (1886), adjacent to the City Market at the corner of Delaware and Market Streets.[2] Tomlinson Hall was destroyed by fire in 1958; however, one of its entrances is preserved as an arch fragment on the market's west plaza.[35]

Other interests

Although D. A. Bohlen was not especially active in Indianapolis's German social or political clubs, he was active in other civic affairs.[6] In 1859 Bohlen was one of the original contributors who established the German-English Independent School in Indianapolis. Bohlen was elected as a trustee of the school in 1859, 1875, and 1876.[36] Bohlen also served as a board member of the Gewerbeschulverein, a German manual training school in Indianapolis, whose classes were held at the German-English Independent School, where his son, Oscar, was a student.[22][37]

Death and legacy

Bohlen died on June 1, 1890. He is buried at Crown Hill Cemetery, Section 25, Lot 175.[38]

After Bohlen's death, his son, Oscar, continued the family firm, which is among the oldest architectural firms in the United States still in operation. Four successive generations of Bohlen architects once worked at the Indianapolis firm: Diedrich A. Bohlen (its founder), Oscar D. Bohlen (Diedrich's son), August C. Bohlen (Diedrich's grandson), and Robert L. Bohlen (Diedrich's great-grandson).[9]

Bohlen's legacy lies in his designs for numerous historic buildings at Indianapolis and Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. He is best known for introducing the German Neo-Gothic architecture style to Indiana.[2][11] An example of the Romanesque Revival architecture style, called Rundbogenstil, is the Bohlen-designed Indianapolis City Market façade on Market Street.[39] Among the other architectural styles that Bohlen employed in his work include the Romanesque Revival style, as shown in his designs for Emmanuel Church (Lockerbie Square United Methodist Church) and Roberts Park Methodist Church, and the Gothic Revival style of Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church.[40]

Although Bohlen's firm designed private residences, it specialized in institutional projects, especially religious, educational, and civic buildings. More than twenty of the firm's projects are listed on the National Register of Historic Places,[11] including these Diedrich A. Bohlen designs:

  • Morris-Butler House (1864), Indianapolis[13]
  • Foley Hall (1860, 1897), Saint Mary of the Woods College (demolished)[17]
  • Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church (1871), rectory (1863), and bishop's residence (1878), Indianapolis[24]
  • Roberts Park Methodist Church (1876), Indianapolis[27]
  • Indianapolis City Market (1886)[34]
  • Crown Hill Cemetery's Gothic Chapel (1877), Indianapolis[29]

The Indiana Historical Society paid tribute to Bohlen's architectural legacy in a 1987 exhibition.[4]

Notable works

Diedrich A. Bohlen-designed structures in Indianapolis:

  • Charles Mayer store façade (1853)[22]
  • Odd Fellows Grand Lodge dome (1854)[22]
  • Metropolitan (1858)[22]
  • German-English Independent School (1860)[21]
  • Morris Butler House (1864)[13]
  • Zion United Church of Christ (1866)[41]
  • Crown Hill Cemetery's superintendent's home (1869), destroyed by fire[42]
  • Saint John the Evangelist Catholic Church (1871), rectory (1863), and bishop's residence (1878)[24]
  • General German Protestant Orphans' Home (1872)[43]
  • Roberts Park Methodist Church (1876)[27]
  • Crown Hill Cemetery's Gothic Chapel (1877)[29]
  • Saint Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church (1883)[30]
  • Emmanuel Church (1883), renamed as Lockerbie Square United Methodist Church[44]

Major structures Diedrich A. Bohlen designed with his son, Oscar D. Bohlen:

  • Indianapolis City Market (1886)[34]
  • Tomlinson Hall (1886), destroyed by fire[22][45]

Major Diedrich A. Bohlen-designed structures at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods:

  • Providence motherhouse and chapel (1853–4, 1863), destroyed by fire[18]
  • Foley Hall (1860), demolished[17][46]
  • Church of the Immaculate Conception (1892)[19][47]

Other Diedrich A. Bohlen-designed structures:

  • Churchman House (1871), Beech Grove, Indiana, demolished[15]

Notes

  1. ^ a b Jacob Piatt Dunn Jr. (1919). Indiana and Indianians: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood. Vol. IV. Chicago: American Historical Society. p. 1845. OCLC 2470354.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Historic Business Register: Bohlen Meyer Gibson and Associates" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  3. ^ William Selm, "Bohlen, Diedrich August" in The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University. 1994. pp. 333–34. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |editors= ignored (|editor= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b George T. Probst; Eberhard Reichmann (1989). The Germans in Indianapolis, 1840–1918. Indianapolis: Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, German-American Center, and the Indiana German Heritage Society. p. 106. OCLC 20996951.
  5. ^ Ignatius Brown (1868). Logan's History of Indianapolis from 1818. Indianapolis, IN: Logan and Company. p. 44.
  6. ^ a b Lloyd B. Walton (1978-06-11). "Past Masters of Mortar". Indianapolis Star Magazine. Indianapolis, IN: 43. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ "Death of Architect Bohlen". Indianapolis Journal. Indianapolis, IN. 1890-06-02. p. 8.
  8. ^ Michael F. Crowe; Mary King; Judith Burd (1979-11-12). "National Registration of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Fletcher Place Historic District" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  9. ^ a b Walton, pp. 42, 44–45.
  10. ^ Costigan designed the Odd Fellows Grand Lodge, but Bohlen completed it after Costigan's death. See Berry R. Sulgrove (1884). History of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Company. p. 373. OCLC 3558051.
  11. ^ a b c Richard Smith, "Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates", in The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University. 1994. p. 334. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana, Indianapolis: State of Indiana. 1866. v. III, pp. 189 and 191, and v. VI, p. 644.
  13. ^ a b c Wesley I. Shank (August 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Morris-Butler House" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  14. ^ A fire destroyed the Crown Hill superintendent's three-story Victorian house in 1913. See Douglas A. Wissing; Marianne Tobias; Rebecca W. Dolan; Anne Ryder (2013). Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 42 and 123. ISBN 9780871953018.
  15. ^ a b "Biographical Sketches" in "Francis M. Churchman Family Collection, 1866–1928, 1966 Collection Guide" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. February 2012. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  16. ^ Mary Roger Madden (1991). The Path Marked Out. History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana; Sisters of Providence History Series. Vol. III. Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, IN: Sisters of Providence. pp. 128–29. OCLC 27393597.
  17. ^ a b c Sister Ann Kathleen Brawley (1981-01-05). "National Registration of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Foley Hall" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  18. ^ a b Eugenia Logan (1949). The History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. Vol. II. New York: Benziger Brothers. p. 56. OCLC 5523512.
  19. ^ a b Bohlen's firm received the commission to design the Church of the Immaculate Conception in 1883, and construction began in 1886. Oscar continued work on the project after Diedrich's death in 1890. Completed in 1892, the church underwent a renovation in 1987, with Melvin Meyer, principal architect at Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates, as the project architect. See The Church of the Immaculate Conception. Saint Mary–of-the-Woods, IN: Sisters of Providence. 1987.
  20. ^ Madden, p. 183, and A Journey of Love, Mercy, and Justice: A Pictorial History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Celebrating 150 Years of Service Among the People of God. Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, IN: The Sisters of Providence. 1989. p. 24.
  21. ^ a b Probst and Reichmann, pp. 36–37.
  22. ^ a b c d e f Walton, p. 44.
  23. ^ James J. Divita (1986). Indianapolis Cathedral: A Construction History of Our Three Mother Churches. Indianapolis, IN: Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis. pp. 21–23.
  24. ^ a b c Rev. Thomas Widner; Sister Marie Wolf (1980-07-11). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form: St. John's Church and Rectory" (pdf). U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  25. ^ Founded in the early 1840s, Zion Church was originally named "The German United Evangelical Protestant Lutheran and Reformed Zion Church of Indianapolis, Indiana." It was renamed United Evangelical Zion Church in 1861, and Zion Evangelical United Church of Christ in 1957. See "The History of Nine Urban Churches". Indianapolis: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Zion Evangelical United Church of Christ. 1995. pp. 5 and 7. OCLC 36075848. and Jacob Piatt Dunn Jr. (1910). Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes. Vol. I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. p. 388. OCLC 1870748.
  26. ^ Bohlen's firm also designed the Zion Church (1913) at North and New Jersey Streets. See Probst and Reichmann, p. 10, and The History of Nine Urban Churches.
  27. ^ a b c Ruby J. Cord (1979-08-13). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  28. ^ Wissing, p. 42.
  29. ^ a b c Wesley I. Shank (August 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Crown Hill Cemetery (Portion)" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  30. ^ a b St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church: Eightieth Anniversary. Indianapolis, IN: Hollenbeck Press. 1922. pp. 12–13.
  31. ^ Incorporated in 1887 as the First German Church of the Evangelical Association in Indianapolis, Emmanuel Church was also known as First German Evangelical Church. It merged with other local churches and was renamed Lockerbie Square United Methodist Church in 1979. See The History of Nine Urban Churches.
  32. ^ Bohlen's son, Oscar, designed Saint Vincent Hospital's second building (1889) on South and Delaware Streets; it was destroyed by fire in 1904. The Bohlen firm also designed the third Saint Vincent Hospital (1913) on Fall Creek Boulevard. See Marie D'Andrea Loftus (1981). St. Vincent Hospital and Health Care Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1881–1981. Indianapolis, IN: Litho Press. pp. 4, 18, and 37.
  33. ^ Probst and Reichmann, p. 37 and 106.
  34. ^ a b c H. Roll McLaughlin; David R. Hermansen (1974-02-04). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Indianapolis City Market" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  35. ^ Mary Ellen Gadski, ed. (1993). Indianapolis Architecture: Transformations Since 1975. Indianapolis: Indiana Architectural Foundation. p. 62. ISBN 9780963630018.
  36. ^ Theodore Stein (1913). Historical Sketch of the German-English Independent School of Indianapolis, "Our Old School". Indianapolis, IN: Cheltenham-Aetna Press. p. 128 and 187.
  37. ^ Dunn, Greater Indianapolis, p. 276.
  38. ^ Wissing, p. 124.
  39. ^ "City Market". Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: Indianapolis. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  40. ^ The Art and Architecture of Nine Urban Churches. Indianapolis, IN: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis.
  41. ^ Zion Evangelical United Church of Christ. 1995. pp. 5 and 7. OCLC 36075848.
  42. ^ Wissing, pp. 42 and 123.
  43. ^ Probst and Reichmann, p. 112.
  44. ^ The History of Nine Urban Churches
  45. ^ An arch fragment is preserved on the Indianapolis City Market's west plaza. See Gadski, p. 62.
  46. ^ A Journey of Love, Mercy, and Justice, p. 15.
  47. ^ Madden, pp. 128–29, and The Church of the Immaculate Conception.

References

  • The Art and Architecture of Nine Urban Churches. Indianapolis, IN: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis.
  • Brawley, Sister Ann Kathleen (1981-01-05). "National Registration of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Foley Hall" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
  • Brown, Ignatius (1868). Logan's History of Indianapolis from 1818. Indianapolis, IN: Logan and Company.
  • The History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods. History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana. Vol. I and II. New York: Benziger Brothers. 1949. OCLC 5523512. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • The Church of the Immaculate Conception. Saint Mary–of-the-Woods, IN: Sisters of Providence. 1987.
  • "City Market". Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary: Indianapolis. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-15.
  • Cord, Ruby J. (1979-08-13). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Roberts Park Methodist Episcopal Church" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Crowe, Michael F.; Mary King; Judith Burd (1979-11-12). "National Registration of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Fletcher Place Historic District" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |last-author-amp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  • "Death of Architect Bohlen". Indianapolis Journal. Indianapolis, IN. 1890-06-02. p. 8. 
  • Divita, James J. (1986). Indianapolis Cathedral: A Construction History of Our Three Mother Churches. Indianapolis, IN: Catholic Archdiocese of Indianapolis.
  • Dunn Jr.; Jacob Piatt (1910). Greater Indianapolis: The History, the Industries, the Institutions, and the People of a City of Homes. Vol. I. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company. OCLC 1870748.
  • Dunn Jr.; Jacob Piatt (1919). Indiana and Indianians: A History of Aboriginal and Territorial Indiana and the Century of Statehood. Chicago: American Historical Society. OCLC 2470354.
  • "Francis M. Churchman Family Collection, 1866–1928, 1966 Collection Guide" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. February 2012. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Gadski, Mary Ellen, ed. (1993). Indianapolis Architecture: Transformations Since 1975. Indianapolis: Indiana Architectural Foundation. ISBN 9780963630018.
  • "Historic Business Register: Bohlen Meyer Gibson and Associates" (PDF). Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 2015-09-01.
  • The History of Nine Urban Churches. Indianapolis, IN: The Riley-Lockerbie Ministerial Association of Downtown Indianapolis.
  • A Journey of Love, Mercy, and Justice: A Pictorial History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Celebrating 150 Years of Service Among the People of God. Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, IN: The Sisters of Providence. 1989.
  • Loftus, Marie D'Andrea (1981). St. Vincent Hospital and Health Care Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, 1881–1981. Indianapolis, IN: Litho Press.
  • Madden, Mary Roger (1991). The Path Marked Out. History of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana; Sisters of Providence History Series. Vol. III. Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, IN: Sisters of Providence. OCLC 27393597.
  • McLaughlin, H. Roll; David R. Hermansen (1974-02-04). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Indianapolis City Market" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Probst, George T.; Eberhard Reichmann (1989). The Germans in Indianapolis, 1840–1918. Indianapolis: Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, German-American Center, and the Indiana German Heritage Society. OCLC 20996951.
  • Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Indiana, Indianapolis: State of Indiana. 1866. Vols. III and VI.
  • Selm, William, "Bohlen, Diedrich August". In Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University. pp. 333–34. ISBN 0-253-31222-1. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  • Shank, Wesley I. (August 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Crown Hill Cemetery (Portion)" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Shank, Wesley I. (August 1971). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form: Morris-Butler House" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Smith, Richard, "Bohlen, Meyer, Gibson and Associates". In Bodenhamer, David J.; Robert G. Barrows, eds. (1994). The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University. p. 334. ISBN 0-253-31222-1.
  • St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church: Eightieth Anniversary. Indianapolis, IN: Hollenbeck Press. 1922.
  • Stein, Theodore (1913). Historical Sketch of the German-English Independent School of Indianapolis, "Our Old School". Indianapolis, IN: Cheltenham-Aetna Press.
  • Sulgrove, Berry R. (1884). History of Indianapolis and Marion County, Indiana. Philadelphia: L. H. Everts and Company. OCLC 3558051.
  • Walton, Lloyd B. (1978-06-11). "Past Masters of Mortar". Indianapolis Star Magazine. Indianapolis, IN: 42–47. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Widner, Rev. Thomas; Sister Marie Wolf (1980-07-11). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory––Nomination Form: St. John's Church and Rectory" (pdf). U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  • Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. 2013. pp. 42 and 123. ISBN 9780871953018. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Zion Evangelical United Church of Christ. 1995. OCLC 36075848.
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