Doula
A doula (/ˈduːlə/), also known as a birth companion and post-birth supporter,[1] is a nonmedical person who assists a person before, during, and/or after childbirth, as well as her spouse and/or family, by providing physical assistance and emotional support.[2] The provision of continuous support during labour is associated with improved maternal and fetal health and a variety of other benefits, including lower risk of induction and interventions and less need for pain relief. These benefits are particularly significant when continuous support is provided by someone who is not there as family/friend or as medical staff (i.e. a doula).[3] Additionally, a doula is sometimes hired to work with families beyond the postpartum stages, providing continued physical and emotional support, for as long as needed (sometimes, this support can be ongoing for several years).
These days most doulas will have completed some training to prepare them for the role. However, the title can be used by anyone. The goal of a doula is to ensure the mother and her partner feel safe and confident before, during, and after birth.[4] Doulas not trained by a formal organization can be controversial within medical settings due to a lack of formal medical education when a discussion regarding medical interventions in labor versus pursuing natural childbirth without an epidural or caesarean section arises, however the role of the doula is not to offer medical advice.[5]
Sometimes the term doula can also refer to a non-medical person who assists critically ill elderly people.[2]
History and etymology
The term doula was first used in a 1969 anthropological study[6] conducted by Dana Raphael. Raphael suggested it was a widespread practice that a female of the same species be part of childbirth, and in human societies this was traditionally a role occupied by a family member or friend whose presence contributed to successful long-term breastfeeding. Raphael's derivation of the term is not clear, only describing it as coming from "Aristotle's time", and is defined as an Ancient Greek word δούλη meaning "female slave."[7] Marshall Klaus and John Kennell, who conducted clinical trials on the medical outcomes of doula-attended births, adopted the term to refer to a person providing labor support.[8] The modern doula started out as an American phenomenon, but has later to some degree spilt over to the Anglophone world and, after the turn of the millennium, to other 1st world nations.
Types of support
The overall goal of a doula is for the mother to feel safe and comfortable, enhancing the goal of doctors and nurses which is to ensure a safe delivery for mother and child. Doulas have no clinical role, duties or decision-making, deferring instead to nurses or doctors.[4]
Birth
A birth doula is also called a labor doula. The kinds of support provided during childbirth may include physical assistance and comfort (massage, maintaining a supporting posture or providing water), emotional support (providing company, encouragement or simply talking in a soothing tone of voice), and acting as an advocate for the woman undergoing childbirth (suggesting options or supporting the woman's decisions to a medical team).[2] Doulas may also be involved during pregnancy and after birth (postnatal care).[2]
Most doula-client relationships begin a few months before the baby is due.[9] Before the labor, the doula and the family can develop a relationship where the mother and her partner feel free to ask questions and express fears and concerns, and where the mother can take an active role in creating a birth plan.[9] Continuity of support by the same person is thought to be an important aspect of the relationship between doula and mother.[7] Doulas may be found in hospital, community-based programs as well as private practice, doula agencies and may be reimbursed by insurance companies or out-of-pocket by clients.[4][2][10] Because insurance companies typically do not cover the cost of hiring a doula, they are more popular among middle- and upper-class parents.[5][11]
Postpartum
Postpartum doulas provide help and support in the first weeks after becoming a mother.[9] The same person often provides both birth doula and postpartum doula services. They provide emotional support and companionship by encouraging a mother when she might be feeling overwhelmed.[9][12]
Antepartum
An antepartum doula provides help and support to a mother who has been put on bed rest or is experiencing a high risk-pregnancy.[9] Emotional, physical and practical support can be provided by an antepartum doula in these circumstances.[9]
Family life
A family life doula provides help and support to an entire family. Occasionally confused with nannies, family life doulas are ongoing, long-term sources of support within a family structure. They fulfill tasks similar to those of postpartum doulas. Additionally, they care for children while providing emotional support, encouragement, companionship, and, if requested, guidance to new mothers. A family life doula can play a key role in lowering a family's stress so parents are able to focus on thriving in their careers while growing together as a parenting team at home.[13]
Other
It has also been suggested that doulas or doula-like practitioners may have a role in caring for critically ill adults in geriatric care,[2] and during death.[14]
Medical aspects
Continuous support during labor provided by doulas (along with variety of groups such as nurses, midwives, other hospital staff, partners, family or friends) have been associated with improved outcomes for both mothers and children.[3] There is research to support the beneficial effects of doulas on both maternal and newborn or infant health, including shorter delivery, fewer caesarean sections and complications, the use of fewer medications and fetal extraction tools, less time in neonatal intensive care units, positive psychological benefits for mothers, more satisfying birth experiences, and increased breastfeeding.[2] Cross-country research on the effects of doulas on child birth and postnatal care is complicated by the variety of settings, cultures and medical systems of individual countries and characteristics of patients.[2] These benefits appear to be contingent on the doula's providing continuous rather than intermittent assistance, have some medical training and on the specific social and cultural setting within which their services are provided. Women with less education, lower incomes, less preparation for childbirth and those lacking social support may experience greater benefits from doula care than other groups.[2]
However, some medical institutions have banned doula participation, citing that doulas can "cross the line" during delivery, endangering mother and child. Some doula clients have also found their doulas carried personal agendas into the birthing room that were contrary to their wishes and a risk to their health. Though the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has no official position on doulas, during an interview the ACOG's chairwoman of the academy’s committee on obstetric practice Sarah Kilpatrick, stated while doulas may be helpful, there are some who try to "interfere with the medical aspect of delivery." In March 2014, the ACOG put out a Consensus Statement titled "Safe Prevention of Primary Cesarean Delivery" in which it said, "Increasing women’s access to nonmedical interventions during labor, such as continuous labor support, also has been shown to reduce cesarean birth rates." [15] Doulas provide information about medications or medical interventions during childbirth and help the family decide if her practice fits the family's birth wishes such as those who decide to have an epidural or otherwise do not undertake natural childbirth.[5][16] Doulas acting beyond the role of social support and advocacy by providing medical advice, practicing outside their scope of practice may be acting as a traditional birth attendant.[4]
Training and certification
There is a lack of standardization and oversight of doulas, with multiple organizations providing different courses with varying requirements.[17] There is no formal or universally recognized certification process or training requirements, and anyone can refer to themselves as a doula.[16] No academic credentials such as a college or university diploma, or high school equivalency are required.[5]
Being a doula does not specifically require any medical training, although it is not uncommon for doulas to have received certification or medical training of some kind.[5] In North America, training generally takes the form of a two- to three-day seminar, and some experience with childbirth.[18] Trainees may have hands-on practice with various techniques used during childbirth, including maternal positions and movements, relaxation and breathing exercises and other measures that could be used for comfort. Certification can occur through organizations at various levels (local, national or international) and some require positive evaluations from medical professionals. Certification may also require, in addition to attending a training course, time spent working or learning about maternity care and childbirth classes and possibly a written exam.[2] Research also supports the use of female friends or relatives, after minimal training, as a low-cost alternative to professional doulas.[19] Some doulas train through distance education.[4]
Disputes between doctors, nurses and doulas have been described as a "turf battle",[4][5] though it is also recognized that doulas and nurses can occupy complementary roles that provide opportunities for mutual learning and assistance.[4] Some hospitals have created internal doula training programs to reduce conflict between doulas and medical staff.[5][20]
See also
References
- ^ http://doula.org.uk/content/what-doula
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Balas, M. C.; Gale, M.; Kagan, S. H. (2004). "Delirium doulas: An innovative approach to enhance care for critically ill older adults". Critical care nurse. 24 (4): 36–46. PMID 15341233. Cite error: The named reference "Balas" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b Hodnett, E. D.; Gates, S.; Hofmeyr, G. J.; Sakala, C.; Weston, J. (2011). Hodnett, Ellen D (ed.). "Continuous support for women during childbirth". The Cochrane Library (2): CD003766. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub3. PMID 21328263.
- ^ a b c d e f g Ballen, L. E.; Fulcher, A. J. (2006). "Nurses and Doulas: Complementary Roles to Provide Optimal Maternity Care". Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing. 35 (2): 304–311. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2006.00041.x. PMID 16620259. Cite error: The named reference "Ballen" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d e f g Hwang, S (2004-01-19). "As 'Doulas' Enter Delivery Rooms, Conflicts Arise: Hired to Help in Childbirth, They Sometimes Clash With Doctors and Nurses". The Wall Street Journal. Cite error: The named reference "WSJ" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Perspectives on Biology and Medicine
- ^ a b Mander, R (2001). "The doula". Supportive care and midwifery. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 113–33. ISBN 0632054255.
- ^ Klaus, MH; Kennell JH; Klaus PH (2002). The Doula Book: How A Trained Labor Companion Can Help You Have A Shorter, Easier, And Healthier Birth. Da Capo Press. pp. 4. ISBN 0738206091.
- ^ a b c d e f "Having a Doula | American Pregnancy Association". Americanpregnancy.org. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ "Career Choices for Becoming a Doula". Become a Doula with ProDoula. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
- ^ "Doulas, a Mom's Best Friend During Labor, Grow in Popularity | Mission Loc@l". Missionlocal.org. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ "DONA International – What is a doula?". Dona.org. Retrieved 2014-02-02.
- ^ "I'm Not A Nanny. I'm A Family Life Doula". www.chicagonow.com. 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2014-07-17.
- ^ "Doulas For The Dying". www.huffingtonpost.com. 2016-04-10. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ^ http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Obstetric_Care_Consensus_Series/Safe_Prevention_of_the_Primary_Cesarean_Delivery?IsMobileSet=false#111
- ^ a b Paul, P (2008-03-02). "And the Doula Makes Four". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-03-22.
- ^ "What You Should Know Before You Become A Doula". Become a Doula with ProDoula. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
- ^ "Doula Training Become A Doula". Become a Doula with ProDoula. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
- ^ Campbell, D.; Scott, K. D.; Klaus, M. H.; Falk, M. (2007). "Female Relatives or Friends Trained as Labor Doulas: Outcomes at 6 to 8 Weeks Postpartum". Birth. 34 (3): 220–227. doi:10.1111/j.1523-536X.2007.00174.x. PMID 17718872.
- ^ "Hospital "Credentialing" For Doulas? Yea or Nay?". Become a Doula with ProDoula. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
Further reading
- Klaus, MH; Kennell JH; Klaus PH (2002). The Doula Book: How A Trained Labor Companion Can Help You Have A Shorter, Easier, And Healthier Birth. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0738206091.