Draft:Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas

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The Beni Abbas was a Kabyle,[1] Berber state of North Africa. The Kingdom had a number of royal flags and standards, but did not use a national flag in the modern sense. There is no exhaustive study of the flags or emblems of the Ait Abbas kingdom, while various historical sources have reported flags attributed to the reigning family of the kingdom (the Mokrani).

Emirate of Béjaïa[edit]

The Emirate of Béjaïa was the predecessor of the Kingdom Beni Abbas. There are no known Muslim descriptions of the symbols of this country, but European sources agree that they show the reds the flag with the gold crossbow. The golden crossbow is shown in the Catalan Atlas (conventionally dated 1375) and in Castilian Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms from 1385. The same symbolism later appeared on various Portolan charts in the 15th century. Probably the last appearance of the red-gold flag in European sources dates back to 1511, i.e. a year after the end of the existence of the state.[2]

  • 14th-15th century
    14th-15th century
  • An anonymous portolan chart from the workshop of Pere Rossell, probably 1450s
    An anonymous portolan chart from the workshop of Pere Rossell, probably 1450s

Beni Abbès[edit]

In "Legendary Algeria" by Corneille Trumelet, the author described the flag of the lords of Medjana in the eighteenth century (the Mokrani [a]), as follows: a flag with three stripes, one green and two red, with their motto edged with gold in the center: "El-Kheir en-Nasirin" (God is the best helper).[4]

In 1844, the French painter Adrien Dauzats mentioned in his painting "The Taking of Setif during the Conquest of Algeria, 21st October 1839, 1844",[5] two flags in green and red. Flags that he attributed to the Khalifat of Medjana (Ahmed El Mokrani) in his book "Diary of the expedition of the Iron Gates".[6]

The red and green flag is the most famous flag of Beni Abbas, but it is not known what its function was.

Paul Gaffarel indicates in "Algeria - History, Conquest and Colonization" that a Mokrani who had been invited by Napoleon III before 1871, carried a white flag with a golden fleur-de-lys.[7] The Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Arras assures that the Mokrani family's coat of arms was the fleur de lys (⚜).[8] Laurent-Charles Feraud indicates in the "Histoire Des Villes de la Province de Constantine" that during the period of the Bey and the first years of French colonization, the Mokrani had as their distinctive insignia, a silk standard, in the middle of which were written in gold letters "Help comes from God, and victory is near".[9]

  • Red and green flag
    Red and green flag
  • Banner of the House of Mokrani (18th–19th century)[10]
    Banner of the House of Mokrani (18th–19th century)[10]
  • Banner used during Boumezrag El Mokrani's meeting with Napoleon III. (1871)
    Banner used during Boumezrag El Mokrani's meeting with Napoleon III. (1871)

Flag captured in the Djurdjura mountains[edit]

Flag captured by the French army in the Djurdjura mountains during the conquest of Algeria and attributed to the kingdom of Kuku, but may also originate from Aït Abbas.[11] The flag consisted of a red field with white hamsa in the center and four crescent moons in the corners. The symbols from this flag were adopted in the French army as the pennant of the 14th company in the 4th battalion.[12]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ The surname Mokrani comes from a Berber word "Amokrane" "Ameqqran" which means "chief", a title that became a dynastic name during the time of Ahmed Amokrane, chief of Beni Abbès from 1556 to 1596.[3]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Le Royaume fort et indépendant des Ath Abbas (1510 -1871)".
  2. ^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062503/
  3. ^ Feraud, Laurent-Charles (March 2011). Histoire des villes de la province de Constantine: Sétif-Bordj-Bou-Arréridj (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. p. 150. ISBN 978-2-296-54115-3..
  4. ^ Trumelet, Corneille (1892). L' Algérie légendaire : en pélérinage çà et là aux tombeaux des principaux thaumaturges de l'Islam (in French). pp. 74–75.
  5. ^ MeisterDrucke. "La prise de Sétif lors de la conquête de l'Al..." MeisterDrucke (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  6. ^ Nodier, Charles (1780-1844) Auteur du texte; Raffet, Denis-Auguste-Marie (1804-1860) Dessinateur; Graveur, Hébert; Graveur, Pinaud; Graveur, Brévière; Graveur, Lavoignat; Dauzats, Adrien (1804-1868) Graveur; Graveur, Montigneul (1844). "[Illustrations de Journal de l'expédition des Portes de Fer.] / Raffet [des.]; Hébert, Pinaud, Brévière, Lavoignat, Dauzats, Montigneul [grav.]; Charles Nodier, aut. du texte". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Gaffarel, Paul (1883). L'Algérie: Histoire, conquête et colonisation (in French). Librairie de Firmin-Didot et cie. p. 310.
  8. ^ Académie des sciences, lettres et arts (Arras) Auteur du texte (1872). "Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, lettres et arts d'Arras". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
  9. ^ Féraud 1872, p. 203
  10. ^ Féraud, Laurent Charles (1872). "Histoire des Villes de la Province de Constantine".
  11. ^ "Algeria: The achievement of the French colonization (1847-1871)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
  12. ^ "Pennants of the Algerian Tirailleurs (French Army)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2020-09-20.

[[Category:Obsolete national flags] [[Category:Flags of Algeria]

The following is a list of flags and banners related with Algeria.

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