Duchy of Austria
Duchy of Austria Herzogtum Österreich | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1156–1453 | |||||||||
 Duchy of Austria as part of the Habsburg dominions (orange) within the Holy Roman Empire (black line), 14th century. | |||||||||
| Status | State of the Holy Roman Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Vienna | ||||||||
| Common languages | Austro-Bavarian German | ||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholicism | ||||||||
| Government | Principality | ||||||||
| Duke of Austria | |||||||||
• 1141–1177 | Henry II (first duke, from 1156) | ||||||||
• 1230–1246 | Frederick II (last Babenberg duke) | ||||||||
• 1278–1291 | Rudolf I (first Habsburg duke) | ||||||||
• 1330–1358 | Albert II1 (last nominal duke) | ||||||||
• 1440–1457 | Ladislaus I (last duke) | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
| 1156 | |||||||||
| 1453 | |||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | AT | ||||||||
| |||||||||
1: Jointly duke until 1344, firstly with Otto, Duke of Austria, then with Leopold V, Duke of Austria. | |||||||||
| History of Austria |
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The Duchy of Austria was a state of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1156 by the Privilegium Minus, when the Margraviate of Austria (Ostarrîchi) was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right.
Geography
Initially, the duchy was comparatively small in area, roughly comprising the modern-day Austrian state of Lower Austria. It was located on the northern and southern shores of the Danube River, east of ("below") the Enns tributary; the site of the former margraviate.
Drosendorf, Raabs, Laa and other fortifications along the Thaya River, north of the historic Waldviertel and Weinviertel regions and separated by the Manhartsberg range, marked the border with the Duchy of Bohemia (elevated to a Kingdom in 1198) and the Moravian lands, both of which were held by the Czech Přemyslid dynasty. In the east, the border with the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia) had gradually shifted towards the plains of the Morava River and the Vienna Basin. On the right shore of the Danube, the lower Leitha River marked the Imperial–Hungarian border for centuries. In the south, Austria bordered the Styrian lands, which were likewise elevated to a duchy in 1180.
History
The territory originally inhabited by Celts was for centuries crossed in transit by several Germanic tribes and from the 6th century onwards settled by Avars as well as by Slavic tribes, who about 600 founded the independent principality of Carantania in the south. The Avar Khaganate established in 567 comprised most of the later Austrian march up to the Enns river, where it bordered on the German stem duchy of Bavaria. Temporarily part of Samo's Empire from 631 to 658, the territory was under constant attack by the Carolingian forces of Charlemagne from 791 onwards.
About 800 Charlemagne, having won several victories against the Avars, established a frontier march in the region between the Enns and Raab rivers, called the Avar March, part of the marcha orientalis. The East Frankish margraviate was again lost to the invading Magyars at the 907 Battle of Pressburg, and re-established as the Bavarian March of Austria after King Otto I of Germany's victory at the 955 Battle of Lechfeld. In 976 Emperor Otto II enfeoffed the Babenberg count Leopold the Illustrious with the Austrian margraviate. A large-scale German settlement (Ostsiedlung) along the Danube down to the border with Hungary followed, which ultimatively disrupted the Slavic continuity between the West Slavic (Slovak) and South Slavic (Slovene) lands.
House of Babenberg
Although today closely associated with the Habsburg dynasty, Austria was, until 1246, a feudal possession of the younger House of Babenberg. Margrave Leopold the Generous (1136–1141) was a loyal liensman of the Imperial House of Hohenstaufen in the struggle against the Bavarian Welf dynasty. In 1139, after King Conrad III of Germany deposed the Welf duke Henry the Proud, he gave the Bavarian duchy to his half-brother Margrave Leopold. Leopold's brother and successor Henry Jasomirgott was enfeoffed with Bavaria in 1141. In 1156 the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick Barbarossa approached a settlement with the Welfs. At the 1156 Imperial Diet in Regensburg, Henry Jasomirgott had to renounce the Bavarian duchy in favour of Henry the Lion. In compensation, the Babenberg margraviate was elevated to an equal duchy, confirmed by numerous privileges granted by the Privilegium Minus on 17 September.
The new Austrian duke took his residence at Vienna at the site of the later Hofburg Palace. He also founded Schottenstift Abbey as the Babenberg proprietary church, settled with Irish monks. The Austrian lands prospered, due to their favourable location on the Danube, as an important trade route from Krems and Mautern via Vienna down to Hungary and the Byzantine Empire. For a short time, the Babenbergs came to be one of the most influential ruling families in the Empire, peaking under the reign of Leopold V the Virtous (1177–1194) and Leopold VI the Glorious (1194–1230). In 1186, they signed the Georgenberg Pact with the first and last Otakar duke Ottokar IV of Styria and, upon his death in 1192, acquired the adjacent Styrian lands in the south, which were ruled in personal union until 1918. They also expanded their territory into the old Bavarian lands west of the Enns River, along the Traun to the city of Linz, the future capital of Upper Austria.
Duke Leopold V joined the Third Crusade and the Siege of Acre in 1191, where he picked a fierce quarrel with King Richard the Lionheart, allegedly over Leopold's raising of the Austrian flag.[clarification needed] On his way home through Austria, the English king was abducted and arrested at Dürnstein Castle, and only released after an enormous ransom, which the duke used to lay out the Wiener Neustadt fortification near the Hungarian border. His son Leopold VI, sole ruler of the Austrian and Styrian lands from 1198, married the Byzantine princess Theodora Angelina and later married his daughter Margaret to Henry of Hohenstaufen, son of Emperor Frederick II, in 1225. Notable minnesingers like Reinmar von Hagenau and Walther von der Vogelweide were regular guests at the Vienna court and Middle High German poetry flourished. The poem Nibelungenlied probably arose in the Austrian lands.
However, Leopold's son, Duke Frederick II the Warlike, entered into fierce conflicts soon after his accession in 1230, not only with the Austrian nobility, but also with King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia, King Andrew II of Hungary and even with Emperor Frederick II for the alleged entanglement in the rebellion of his brother-in-law Henry of Hohenstaufen. The latter earned him an Imperial ban and an expulsion from Vienna in 1236. Though he could later reconcile with the Emperor, the border conflict with Hungary culminated in several clashes of arms after 1242, after King Béla IV of Hungary marched into Austria to reconquer occupied lands. Frederick was killed at the 1246 Battle of the Leitha River, whereby the Babenberg line became extinct in the male line.
Fortune and fall of King Ottokar
superimposed on modern European borders
The extinction led to an interregnum, a period of several decades during which the status of the country's rulers was disputed. According to feudal law, the heritable fees fell back to the suzerain, the Holy Roman Emperor. However, Emperor Frederick II, in the last years of his rule, was weakened by the struggle against Pope Innocent IV, and was stuck in the Italian Wars between the Guelphs and Ghibellines. His death in 1250 and the death of his son King Conrad IV of Germany in 1254 ended the line of Hohenstaufen rulers, only eight years after the extinction of the Babenberg dynasty. While in the following years of the Great Interregnum several candidates were elected King of the Romans, none of them were able to control the Empire.
It was the ambitious Přemyslid ruler Ottokar II of Bohemia, son of King Wenceslaus I, who took the occasion to take over the rule in the lands of late Duke Frederick II the Warlike. Referring to the Privilegium Minus, Pope Innocent IV, against the feudal principle of patrilineal inheritance, confirmed the hereditary rights of Frederick's sister Margaret, widow of Henry of Hohenstaufen, and his niece Gertrude, widow of Ottokar's elder brother Přemyslid Margrave Vladislaus of Moravia who died in 1247. Upon the death of Gertrude's second husband, Margrave Herman VI of Baden, in 1250, Ottokar invaded the Austrian lands, acclaimed by the local nobility. To substantiate his claims, he married Margaret (about 30 years his senior) in 1252. King Béla IV of Hungary contested this, referring to the Gertrude's third marriage with his relative Roman Danylovich and occupied the Styrian lands. However, Ottokar prevailed as he defeated the Hungarian troops at the Battle of Kressenbrunn. Bohemian king since 1253, he now was sole ruler of the Bohemian, Moravian, Austrian and Styrian lands—an anticipation of the early modern Habsburg Monarchy after 1526.
In 1269, Ottokar also effectively controlled the Duchy of Carinthia, with Carniola and the Windic March further in the south. He controlled, in all, a Central European realm stretching from the Polish border in the Sudetes towards the Adriatic coast in the south. When he failed to be elected King of the Romans in 1273, he contested the election of the successful candidate, the Habsburg scion Rudolph I of Germany. Rudolph was able to secure his rule as the first actual German king after the "Great Interregnum" (1254–1273) following the death of the last Hohenstaufen King Conrad IV, and by his Imperial authority seized Ottokar's "alienated" territories. King Ottokar was finally defeated and killed in the Battle on the Marchfeld, and his Austrian domains were granted to Rudolph's sons and heirs, who added them to their already extensive homelands in Swabia.
House of Habsburg
Austria was ruled by the House of Habsburg for the next 640 years. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Habsburgs began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of Austria and Styria. The Duchy of Carinthia and Duchy of Carniola came under Habsburg rule in 1335, the County of Tyrol in 1363. These provinces, together, became known as the Habsburg Hereditary Lands, although they were sometimes referred to in sum as Austria.[1]
The following two centuries were turbulent for the duchy. Following the brief, yet eventful, rule of Duke Rudolf IV, his brothers Albert III and Leopold III divided the duchy between themselves, in accordance with the Treaty of Neuberg, signed in 1379. Albert retained Austria proper, while Leopold took the remaining territories. In 1402, there was another split in the Leopoldinian line, when Duke Ernest took Inner Austria (Styria, Carinthia and Carniola) and Duke Frederick IV became the ruler of Tyrol and Further Austria. The territories were eventually reunified by Ernest's son, Emperor Frederick III, after the extinctions of the Albertinian Line (1457) and the Elder Tyrolean line (1490).
In 1438, Albert II of Germany was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, Emperor Sigismund. Although Albert's reign spanned only one year, the Habsburg line was elevated to the Imperial throne, and only two non-Habsburgs reigned between 1438 and 1806, when the Empire was dissolved by Emperor Francis II.
See also
References
- ^ Kann, Robert A. A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918 (2nd ed. 1980), ch. 1