Economy of the Northern Mariana Islands
The economy of the Northern Mariana Islands benefits substantially from financial assistance from the United States and tourism. The rate of funding has declined as locally generated government revenues have grown. An agreement for the years 1986 to 1992 entitled the islands to $228 million for capital development, government operations, and special programs. Since 1992, funding has been extended one year at a time. The Commonwealth received funding of $11 million for infrastructure, for FY96/97 through FY02/03, with an equal local match.
Tourism
A rapidly growing chief source of income is the tourist industry, which now employs around half of the workforce. Japanese and Korean tourists predominate. The agricultural sector is of minor importance and is made up of cattle ranches and small farms producing coconuts, breadfruit, tomatoes, and melons.
Textile industry
Garment production was an industry back then with employment of 12,000 mostly Chinese workers and shipments of $1 billion to the United States in 1998 under duty and quota exemptions. This production is extremely controversial because goods produced in the North Marianas can be labelled "Made in the U.S.A.", although not all American labor laws apply to the commonwealth leading to what critics charge as "sweatshop conditions" for imported, mostly Asian, workers.[1] Among other companies, the teen clothing store Abercrombie & Fitch has produced some of their clothing in the Northern Marianas and sold them for high prices.[2]
The garment industry is changing, though, and many of the garment factories are closing due to the lifting of WTO trade restrictions on Chinese imports. The industry was initially established in the Commonwealth because some U.S. labor and immigration laws do not apply within the CNMI — for example, the CNMI's minimum wage rate of $6.05 per hour (for most employment positions) is lower than the federal rate, which applies to most other areas of the United States. Additionally, the CNMI retains local control over customs and immigration enforcement, unlike in Guam.[citation needed]
In the late 1990s a number of large American textile companies such as Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger, and Sears were criticized for having manufactured clothes in sweatshop conditions in Saipan. In March 2000, a number of defendants, settled a class action suit brought by Saipanese garment workers, which had alleged mistreatment. As part of the settlement, which involved no admission of wrongdoing, Tommy Hilfiger and other companies agreed to independent oversight of their manufacturing in Saipan, a term refused by other defendants such as Lane Bryant and J.C. Penney.[3]
In 2004 — and in response to a long and expensive class action lawsuit brought by garment workers against various clothing manufacturers — a Garment Oversight Board,[4] aimed at protecting workers' rights, was created.[citation needed] These actions have reportedly resulted in improved conditions since the turn of the 21st century.[citation needed]
Statistics
GDP
GDP:
purchasing power parity - $524 million (1996 est.)
note:
GDP numbers reflect US spending
GDP - real growth rate: NA%
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $9,300 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture:
NA%
industry:
NA%
services:
NA%
Income
Population below poverty line: NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%:
NA%
highest 10%:
NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.5% (1994 est.)
Labor
Labor force: 6,006 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717 foreign workers (1995)
Labor force - by occupation: managerial 20.5%, technical, sales 16.4%, services 19.3%, farming 3.1%, precision production 13.8%, operators, fabricators 26.9%
Unemployment rate: 14% (residents)
Budget:
revenues:
$221 million
expenditures:
$213 million, including capital expenditures of $17.7 million (1996)
Industry
Industries: tourism, construction, garments, handicrafts
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity
Electricity - production: NA kWh
Electricity - production by source:
fossil fuel:
100%
hydro:
0%
nuclear:
0%
other:
0%
Electricity - consumption: NA kWh
Electricity - exports: NA kWh
Electricity - imports: NA kWh
Agriculture
Agriculture - products: coconuts, fruits, vegetables, cattle
Exports/Imports
Exports: $1 billion (1998)
Exports - commodities: garments
Exports - partners: US
Imports: $NA
Imports - commodities: food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products
Imports - partners: US, Japan
Debt - external: $NA
Economic aid - recipient: $21.1 million (1995)
Currency
Currency: 1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents
Exchange rates: US currency is used
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
References
- ^ [1]
- ^ Tomaino, Pat. "Abercrombie & Fitch Co.; Rule 14a-8 no-action letter" (PDF). F&C Management Ltd. p. 13.
- ^ "Eight more U.S. retailers settle sweatshop suit". Reuters (archived 2005). March 28, 2000. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
- ^ Garment Oversight Board