Emmerson Mnangagwa

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Emmerson Mnangagwa
Leader of the ZANU–PF Party
Acting
Assumed office
19 November 2017
National Chair
Preceded byRobert Mugabe
First Vice President of Zimbabwe
In office
12 December 2014 – 6 November 2017
PresidentRobert Mugabe
Preceded byJoice Mujuru
Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs
In office
11 September 2013 – 9 October 2017
PresidentRobert Mugabe
DeputyFortune Chasi
Preceded byPatrick Chinamasa
Succeeded byHappyton Bonyongwe
Minister of Defence
In office
13 February 2009 – 11 September 2013
PresidentRobert Mugabe
Preceded bySydney Sekeramayi
Succeeded bySydney Sekeramayi
Minister of Rural Housing and Social Amenities
In office
April 2005 – 13 February 2009
PresidentRobert Mugabe
DeputyBiggie Matiza
Succeeded byFidelis Mhashu
Speaker of the House of Assembly
In office
July 2000 – April 2005
Preceded byCyril Ndebele
Succeeded byJohn Nkomo
Minister of Finance
Acting
In office
1995–1996
PresidentRobert Mugabe
Preceded byAriston Chambati
Succeeded byHerbert Murerwa
Minister of State Security
In office
1980–1988
PresidentCanaan Banana
Robert Mugabe
Personal details
Born
Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa

(1942-09-15) 15 September 1942 (age 81)[1]
Shabani, Southern Rhodesia (today Zvishavane, Zimbabwe)
Political partyZANU-PF
SpouseAuxillia Mnangagwa
ChildrenFarai
Emmerson Jr.
Alma materUniversity of London
University of Zambia

Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa (pronounced /əmˈnænɡæɡwɑː, ˈmnæn-/ əm-NAN-gag-wah, MNAN-; born 15 September 1942) is a Zimbabwean politician. A longtime ally of President Robert Mugabe and a senior member of the ruling ZANU–PF party, Mnangagwa served as Vice President of Zimbabwe from 2014 until his dismissal in November 2017, shortly before the November coup d'état against Mugabe.

Mnangagwa was a leader during the Zimbabwean War of Liberation. After Zimbabwe was recognized in 1980, Mnangagwa held a series of senior cabinet positions under Mugabe, including as minister of state security during the Gukurahundi massacres in which thousands of Ndebele civilians were killed. Mnangagwa blamed the army for the massacres and continued to hold senior cabinet positions, though he is widely believed to be responsible.[2]

After a demotion to Minister of Rural Housing in 2005, Mnangagwa restored his favour with Mugabe by playing a critical role in Mugabe retaining power by brokering a power sharing pact after the disputed general election in 2008. Mnangagwa served as Minister of Defence from 2009 to 2013, when he became Minister of Justice. Mnangagwa was also appointed Vice President in December 2014 and was widely considered to be a leading candidate to be Mugabe's successor.

However, Mnangagwa was opposed by the Generation 40 faction led by President Mugabe's wife, Grace Mugabe. After being dismissed from his position by President Mugabe in November 2017 for allegedly plotting against the government, he fled to South Africa. General Constantino Chiwenga, his ally and chief of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces, launched a coup d'état to end Mugabe's purges of senior ZANU-PF officials. Mnangagwa was then considered the likely successor to Mugabe in any political resolution from the coup.

He is nicknamed "the crocodile" for the political resilience group he founded, and his faction in ZANU-PF is nicknamed Lacoste.[3][4]

Early life and career

Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa was born on 15 September 1942, in Zvishavane, in central Zimbabwe.[5] He is a member of the Karanga ethnic group, the largest subgroup of Zimbabwe's majority Shona ethnic group.[4] His parents were politically active farmers, and he had to flee to Zambia with his family because of his father's resistance against white settlers.[5]

He completed his early education up to Standard 4 at Lundi Primary School in Mnangagwa Village, Shabani (renamed Zvishavane in 1982), his family relocated in 1955 to Northern Rhodesia (today Zambia), where he completed Standard 4. He successfully completed his standard 5 and 6 at Mumbwa Boarding School from 1956 to 1957 and enrolled at Kafue Trade School for a Building course. Although it was a three-year course, he was selected to enter Hodgson Technical College. Since the college only accepted applicants with "O" Levels, he sat for an entrance examination and achieved a first class result. This enabled him to enrol for a four-year City and Guilds Industrial Building Course. With others, he was subsequently expelled from college in 1960 for political activism which led to the burning of some property. He had joined the UNIP student movement at the college and had already been elected into the executive.

He completed his "O" and "'A" levels while in prison through correspondence following which he enrolled for a law degree. He wanted to register for a BSc Economics degree but instead took the Law degree. He successfully completed Part One of the Intermediate Exams at Khami prison and passed at his first seating. He sat for the final exams and passed again. In 1972 he sat for his final LLB examinations with the University of London.

After his release from prison and subsequent deportation to Zambia, the Party resolved that he should complete his law degree first and so he enrolled at the University of Zambia where he remained from 1973 to 1974. In 1975, he did his post-graduate LLB degree and another post programme in Advocacy. After successfully completing his law studies, he was admitted to the Bar of the High Court of Zambia in 1976.

Regarded as one of the wealthiest individuals in Zimbabwe,[6] Mnangagwa has close business links with Colonel Lionel Dyck,[7] a white officer from the old Rhodesian Army who founded Mine Tech, a landmine clearance company that secured lucrative contracts from the Zimbabwean government to clear landmines in Zimbabwean border areas after the war.

Role in the Zimbabwe War of Independence

In 1960, after being expelled from Hodgson Technical College for political activism, he became involved in a start-up construction company in Nampala. The business venture only lasted three months. During that time, he was asked by the United National Independence Party to help organize the party at Chililabombwe (Bancroft), which he did until the end of 1961. Following this, he returned to Lusaka where he became Secretary for the UNIP Youth League while working for a private company.

In 1962 he was recruited into Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) by Willie Musarurwa. After joining ZAPU, he left for Tanzania where he stayed in Mbeya and then at the new ZAPU training camp with the likes of James Chikerema, Clement Muchachi and Danha. In April 1963, Mnangagwa, along with twelve other ZAPU cadre members, was sent to Dar es Salaam and on to Heliopolis for military training at the Egyptian Military Academy.

In August 1963 he and ten of the thirteen cadre members decided to join the newly formed Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU). This led to their detention by Egyptian authorities who recognised ZAPU which had funds, but not ZANU which had none. During this detention, the ZANU members communicated with Robert Mugabe who was in Tanganyika at the time and told him that eleven students had broken away from ZAPU, stopped training and were now detained. Mugabe diverted Trynos Makombe, who was travelling from China, to come to Egypt to secure their release. Makombe provided them with tickets to fly to Dar es Salaam.

On arrival in Tanganyika, six of the eleven came back to Rhodesia while Mnangagwa and the remaining five joined the first Frelimo Camp at Bagamoyo in late August 1963. Mnangagwa was sent to China with other Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) cadre members, where they spent the first two months at the School of Marxism, Peking University in Beijing. Combat training was conducted in Nanking for the next three months. Mnangagwa subsequently remained at another school for military engineering. The group consisted of Felix Santana, Robert Garachani, Lloyd Gundu, Phebion Shonhiwa, and John Chigaba. After completing military training in May 1964, they went back to Tanganyika, where they formed the "Crocodile Group".[8][9] There were no weapons available for them to operate in the then–Southern Rhodesia, despite this duty having been assigned to John Mataure and Noel Mukono.

The group rushed to attend the ZANU Congress in Mkoba, Gweru, sometime in May 1964, arriving a day before the Congress. The results of the election were as follows:

Following the ZANU Congress, three of his colleagues, i.e., Shoniwa, Jameson Mudavanhu, and Edison Shirihuru, were captured and arrested for smuggling guns into Southern Rhodesia. He sent Lawrence Svosve to go back to Lusaka with some messages but never saw him again.

In spite of this setback, the Crocodile Group remained in operation and was joined by Matthew Malowa, a ZANU member who had trained in Egypt. In addition to smuggling arms into the country, a major task was to recruit supporters from Salisbury, Fort Victoria, Mberengwa, and Macheke and smuggle them out through the border at Mutoko, so that they could go on to Tanzania for training, both political and guerilla. The Crocodile Group traveled entirely by foot between Salisbury and Mutoko.

The ZANU leadership at Sikombela sent the Crocodile Group a message exhorting them to take some action so that the papers would report that it, and indicate that it was under the orders of the ZANU Military High Command. The intent was that the news clippings would then be shown to the OAU The Liberation Committee which was meeting in Dar es Salaam so that it would see that ZANU was actually active in the country. The message was delivered by William Ndangana who met with the Crocodile Group at Rev Ndabaningi Sithole's house in Highfield. The plan was to establish roadblocks to terrorise the whites. At this point the group, known by the Rhodesians as the "Crocodile Gang", included William Ndangana, Mnangagwa, Matthew Malowa, Victor Mlambo, James Dhlamini and Master Tresha. It was during this operation that they killed a resident farmer and police reservist, Petrus Oberholtzer, at Nyanyadzi in Chimanimani, and sabotaged a locomotive train in Fort Victoria. The incident resulted in the capture and subsequent hanging of James Dhlamini and Victor Mlambo. It was in January 1965, Mnangagwa was arrested by police inspectors at Michael Mawema's house in Highfield. It later transpired that Mawema had betrayed him to the Rhodesian police. One of Mnangagwa's other associates, John Chigaba, was later detained for an attempt on Mawema's life.

Mnangagwa confessed under torture[10] that he had blown up the locomotive in Masvingo and was convicted under the Law and Order Maintenance Act of 1960.[11] He was defended by J. J. Horn of Scanlen and Holderness who pleaded that he was underage and could not be executed. Following this, he was taken to hospital where doctors confirmed that he was under 21 and as a result, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. He served the first year at Salisbury Prison and then went to Grey Street Prison, and later Khami Prison (both near Bulawayo) where he spent six years and eight months.

After serving his ten-year sentence, he was further detained at Khami and then at Harare Prison together with other nationalists like Robert Mugabe, Enos Nkala, Maurice Nyagumbo, Edgar Tekere and Didymus Mutasa. He was then deported to Zambia where his parents were.

Mnangagwa was released to the Party at the Livingston border post and handed over to the Zambian police. A Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) representative, Baya, came to receive him at the Victoria Falls Bridge and proceeded with him to Lusaka. Josiah Tongogara was Commander of ZANLA.

After spending most of his ten-year prison sentence studying, Mnangagwa earned a law degree from the University of Zambia.[5] He practised law with Enoch Dumbutshena and doubled up as Secretary for ZANU for the Zambia Division in Lusaka. He was also in the student board for politics at the University of Zambia.

However, Mnangagwa soon left legal private practice and went to Mozambique to fight in the Mozambican War of Independence against Portuguese colonial rule. While there, he met Robert Mugabe, and became his assistant and bodyguard.[5]

At the Chimoio Congress in 1977, he was elected Special Assistant to the President and member of the National Executive for ZANU. He then left practice and joined the President around October 1977 in Chimoio. The post of Special Assistant meant that he was head of both the civil and military divisions of the Party. His number 2 was Gava (now the late Retired General Zvinavashe) who was Head of Security in the Military High Command but was his deputy in the Central Committee in the Department of Security.

Mnangagwa accompanied Mugabe at the negotiations that led to the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement which recognized the Republic of Zimbabwe.[5] In January 1980, led the first group of civilian leaders which included Didymus Mutasa and Edson Zvobgo from Maputo to Zimbabwe. Rex Nhongo (now the late Retired General Mujuru) also led the first group of commanders numbering 28 from Maputo to the ceasefire.

Parliamentary and ministerial career

At Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Mnangagwa became the first Minister of National Security. That same year, Mnangagwa took over as Chairman of the Joint High Command after General Peter Walls was dismissed. The principle task involved responsibility for the integration of ZANLA, the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) and the Rhodesian Army.

While Mnangagwa was security minister he was Zimbabwe's spymaster and in charge of the Central Intelligence Organisation. During his tenure, the Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade massacred thousands of civilians, mainly ethnic Ndebeles, in Matabeleland during the Gukurahundi civil conflict. Mnangagwa denied that he had any role in this and blamed the army for the deaths. However his intelligence agency worked with the army to suppress Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe African People's Union during the conflict. Despite the Unity Accord which ended the conflict and merged Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union and Nkomo's ZAPU to form ZANU–PF, Mnangagwa is still disliked in Matabeleland.[4]

From 1988 to 2000, Mnangagwa was Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs and Leader of the House. He was appointed Acting Minister of Finance for 15 months from 1995 to 1996 and was also Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short period. His tenure as Minister of Justice, Legal and Parliamentary Affairs saw him setting up the Judicial College and the Small Claims Court to address the critical shortage of magistrates, prosecutors and other judicial officers in the country. He also introduced several amendments to various Acts and the Constitution.

Mnangagwa was defeated in the 2000 parliamentary election by Blessing Chebundo of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in Kwekwe constituency, but Mugabe appointed him to one of the unelected seats in Parliament.[12] Following the election, he was elected as Speaker of Parliament on 18 July 2000.[13] It was during his time as Speaker of Parliament that the UN investigation into illegal exploitation of natural resources from the Congo recommended a travel ban and financial restrictions upon him for his involvement in making Harare a significant illicit diamond trading centre.[14]

In the March 2005 parliamentary election, he was again defeated by Chebundo in Kwekwe, and Mugabe again appointed him to an unelected seat. His campaign manager blamed this defeat on the Mujuru faction, saying that it had "manipulated the situation" so that the MDC could win the seat and thereby undermine Mnangagwa. After an alleged fallout with the president he was made Minister of Rural Housing from 2005[15] to 2009 which was largely seen as a demotion.

2007 Zimbabwean coup d'état attempt

The Zimbabwean government foiled an alleged coup d'état attempt involving almost 400 soldiers and high-ranking members of the military that would have occurred on 2 or 15 June 2007. The alleged leaders of the coup, all of whom were arrested and charged with treason, were retired army Captain Albert Matapo, spokesman for the Zimbabwe National Army Ben Ncube, Major General Engelbert Rugeje, and Air Vice Marshal Elson Moyo.[16][17][18]

According to the government the soldiers planned on forcibly removing President Robert Mugabe from office and asking Emmerson Mnangagwa to form a government with the heads of the armed forces. The government first heard of the plot when a former army officer who opposed the coup contacted the police in Paris, France, giving them a map and a list of those involved. Mnangagwa and State Security Minister Didymus Mutasa both said they did not know about the plot, Mnangagwa calling it "stupid".[16][19]

Some analysts have speculated that rival successors to Mugabe, such as former Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army leader Solomon Mujuru, may have been trying to discredit Mnangagwa.[16]

2008 election and return to favour

In the March 2008 parliamentary election, he stood as ZANU-PF's candidate in the new Chirumanzu-Zibagwe rural constituency[12] and won by an overwhelming margin, receiving 9,645 votes against two MDC candidates, Mudavanhu Masendeke and Thomas Michael Dzingisai, who respectively received 1,548 and 894 votes.[20]

Mnangagwa was Mugabe's chief election agent during the 2008 presidential election, and it was reported that he headed Mugabe's campaign behind the scenes.[21] He played a critical role in Mugabe retaining power by brokering a power sharing pact for Robert Mugabe with Morgan Tsvangirai after the disputed result. When a national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Mnangagwa became Minister of Defense.[22] Following Mugabe's victory in the July 2013 presidential election, he moved Mnangagwa to the post of Minister of Justice and Legal Affairs on 10 September 2013.[23] He held that position until a cabinet reshuffle in October 2017 shortly before his dismissal as Vice President by Mugabe.

Indigenisation and black economic empowerment

Mnangagwa has, since the early 1990s, played a key role in implementing the "Indigenization and Black Economic Empowerment" initiative, as advised by prominent indigenous businessmen including Ben Mucheche, John Mapondera and Paul Tangi Mhova Mkondo and the think tank and lobby group IBDC,[24] how to propel the policy from Local policy, Ministerial Policy, Government Policy & Development of a ministry specific to Indigenization & Black Economic Empowerment, such as Indigenization and Economic Empowerment Bill. Mnangagwa believes that the national resources should be protected by the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.[25]

Vice President of Zimbabwe

On 10 December 2014, Mugabe appointed Mnangagwa as Vice-President of Zimbabwe, appearing to confirm his position as the presumed successor to Mugabe.[26] His appointment followed the dismissal of his long-time rival in the succession battle, Joice Mujuru, who was cast into the political wilderness amidst allegations that she had plotted against Mugabe.[26] Mnangagwa was sworn in as Vice-President on 12 December 2014,[27] and he was also retained in his post as Minister of Justice.[28] Soon afterward it was reported that Mugabe had begun delegating some presidential duties to Mnangagwa.[29]

Presidential ambitions

Emmerson Mnangagwa was considered as Mugabe's likely successor owing to the support he has received from Zimbabwe's security establishment and veterans of the 1970s guerrilla war,[30] partially because of his leadership of the Joint Operations Command.[31]

His rise to power began as a young man, when he helped direct Zimbabwe's 1970s war of independence and later became the country's spymaster during the 1980s civil conflict. He worked closely with Dan Stannard,[32] who was one of the few whites who remained in the Zimbabwean secret service, CIO, after the departure of Ken Flower.

He was ZANU-PF's Secretary of Administration from July 2000 to 17 December 2004 and became its Secretary for Legal Affairs in December 2004, which was considered a demotion.[33] As Secretary for Administration he had been able to place his supporters in key party positions. The move followed reports that Mnangagwa had been campaigning too hard for the post of vice-president.[4] He had backed by his close ally, former Information Minister Jonathan Moyo. Mugabe sacked Moyo from both his party and government posts. The President has instead reportedly become alarmed at the activities of Joyce Mujuru, who got the vice-president's job, and her powerful husband, former army chief Solomon Mujuru.

Prior to his appointment as vice president, Mnangagwa's main opponent as potential successor to Robert Mugabe was Joice Mujuru as she had garnered a large amount of support in the politburo, central committee, presidium, and among the provincial party chairs.[34] Mr. Mnangagwa's support came from the senior ranks of the security establishment, as well as parts of ZANU-PF's parliamentary caucus and younger party members. With Mnangagwa appointment as vice president, Dr. Mujuru and some of her key supports were dismissed from the government[35] and from the party.[36][37] Mnangagwa has a strong image in Zimbabwe as a cultivator of stability, and also has support from the Southern African Development Community.[34]

Power struggle, removal from power and 2017 coup d'état

Since 2016, Mnangagwa's political ambitions have crossed paths with Grace Mugabe's. The first lady is suspected of leading the G40 faction (Generation 40)[38], while the other faction, Lacoste, is assumed to be led by Mnangagwa. Zimbabwean News Website iHarare.com[39] reported that there was an attempted poisoning of the Vice President on 12 August 2017 at a ZANU-PF Youth Interface rally in Gwanda, Matebeleland South. The news website further reported that he started vomiting uncontrollably and had to be airlifted to hospital by military helicopter. On 19 August 2017 Mnangagwa was reported to have recovered.

Mnangagwa was removed from his post as Vice President on 6 November 2017 by Mugabe after allegedly plotting against the government and displaying "traits of disloyalty, disrespect, deceitfulness and unreliability", according to Information Minister Simon Khaya Moyo.[40][41] His removal made it more likely that President Robert Mugabe's wife Grace would follow in her husband's footsteps as leader of Zimbabwe. She had earlier called on her husband to remove the Vice-President.[30]

Mnangagwa subsequently fled to South Africa citing "incessant threats" against him and his family. [42] On 19 November 2017, Mnangagwa became the leader of ZANU-PF and was reported as likely to soon become President of Zimbabwe after the coup against Mugabe.[43]

Offices

Notes

References

  1. ^ Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko de (16 November 2017). "A Strongman Nicknamed 'Crocodile' Is Poised to Replace Mugabe". Retrieved 19 November 2017 – via www.nytimes.com.
  2. ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/emmerson-mnangagwa-zanu-pf-politician-favourite-take-over-robert-mugabe-zimbabwe-military-coup-a8061101.html
  3. ^ CNN, James Griffiths,. "A 'tyrant' who could be Zimbabwe's next president". CNN. Retrieved 17 November 2017. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ a b c d "The 'crocodile' who snapped back". BBC News. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e de Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (16 November 2017). "A Strongman Nicknamed 'Crocodile' Is Poised to Replace Mugabe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 November 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ Press, Associated (10 December 2014). "Mnangagwa named vice-president as rumours grow over Mugabe's successor". Retrieved 19 November 2017 – via www.theguardian.com.
  7. ^ kdc. "The Zimbabwe Situation". www.zimbabwesituation.com. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  8. ^ Chung, Fay (2013). "Chapter 5. Emergence of a New Political Movement". In Chan, Stephen; Primorac, Ranka (eds.). Zimbabwe since the Unity Government. London: Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-415-62484-8.
  9. ^ Nyangoni, Wellington Winter (1977). African nationalism in Zimbabwe (Rhodesia). Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8191-0275-1.
  10. ^ Conroy, John (2000). Unspeakable Acts, Ordinary People: The Dynamics of Torture. New York: Knopf. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-679-41918-1.
  11. ^ "Zimbabwe: Status of the Law and Order (Maintenance) Act and the draft Public Order Act". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB)/UNHCR. 1 May 1998. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  12. ^ a b Lebo Nkatazo, "After 2 defeats, Mnangagwa opts for rural constituency" Archived 8 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Newzimbabwe.com, 5 February 2008.
  13. ^ Cris Chinaka, "Zimbabwe Elects New Speaker", The Moscow Times, 20 July 2000.
  14. ^ "Final report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo" United Nations, UN Doc: S/2002/1146, 16 October 2002
  15. ^ "MP's sworn in, new ministers appointed", SADOCC, 16 April 2005.
  16. ^ a b c Coup 'plot' feeds Zimbabwe political tension, 16 June 2007. Times Online
  17. ^ Zimbabwe: Army investigates reports of coup plot, 14 June 2007. AllAfrica
  18. ^ Zimbabwe 'coup plotters' charged with treason, 14 June 2007. AllAfrica
  19. ^ Allegations of coup plot in Zimbabwe, 15 June 2007. Mail and Guardian Online
  20. ^ "Zimbabwe election results 2008". New Zimbabwe. 1 April 2008. Archived from the original on 5 April 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Zimbabwe: Mnangagwa Running Zanu PF Campaign", Zimbabwe Independent, 8 May 2008.
  22. ^ Dzirutwe, MacDonald (13 February 2009). "Zimbabwe's MDC says senior official arrested". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Breaking news:President Mugabe Appoints New Cabinet". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 12 September 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  24. ^ "IBDC hails President". The Sunday Mail. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ " ZDF & Indigenization Intertwined"[dead link]
  26. ^ a b MacDonald Dzirutwe, "Zimbabwe's Mugabe names 'The Crocodile' Mnangagwa as deputy", Reuters, 10 December 2014.
  27. ^ "Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa sworn into office, leads race to succeed Mugabe". Reuters. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ "President unveils new ministers". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe. 12 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ "The year of leaving dangerously", Africa Confidential, volume 56, number 1, 9 January 2015.
  30. ^ a b correspondent, Jason Burke Africa (6 November 2017). "Robert Mugabe sacks vice-president to clear path to power for wife". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  31. ^ IV. Background, “Bullets for Each of You”: State-Sponsored Violence since Zimbabwe’s March 29 Elections. Human Rights Watch. June 2008. ISBN 1-56432-324-2
  32. ^ Grundy, Trevor (2 February 2003). "The secret Zimbabwe policeman's cricket ball". The Scotsman. Edinburgh, Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Constantine Chimakure, "Mugabe fires Moyo", Zimbabwe Daily Mirror, 18 December 2004.
  34. ^ a b "Zimbabwe: Waiting for the Future" (PDF). Africa Briefing No. 103. International Crisis Group. 29 September 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Breaking News: VP Mujuru bites the dust". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe. 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ Maponga. George (9 April 2015). "Zimbabwe: No Split in Zanu-PF, Says Mnangagwa". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "Mujuru putschists vindicate expulsion". The Herald. Harare, Zimbabwe. 7 April 2015. Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  38. ^ Team Lacoste vs G40: ED ‘poisoning’ triggers vicious fight” , The Standard, 10 September 2017
  39. ^ "BREAKING: VP Mnangagwa AIRLIFTED after being food poisoned at ZANU-PF rally!". iHarare. 12 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
  40. ^ Moyo, Jeffrey (6 November 2017). "Mugabe Fires Vice President, Clearing Path to Power for Wife". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 November 2017.
  41. ^ "Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe fires vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa", Sky News, UK, 6 November 2017. Retrieved on 7 November 2017.
  42. ^ "Zimbabwe's Ousted Vice President Flees After Death Threats", Bloomberg News, USA, 8 November 2017. Retrieved on 8 November 2017.
  43. ^ "Robert Mugabe set to hand over power to ex-VP Emmerson Mnangagwa 'imminently' – report - TODAY.NG". 16 November 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
Political offices
Preceded by Treasurer (Dura ReMusangano) ZANU Next:
David Karimanzira
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