Eric the Victorious
| Eric the Victorious | |
|---|---|
 Eric praying to Odin before the Battle of Fýrisvellir, as envisioned by Twentieth century artist Jenny Nyström | |
| King of Sweden | |
| Reign | c. 970–c. 995 [1] |
| Successor | Olof Skötkonung |
| Born | c. 945 |
| Died | c. 995 |
| Burial | |
| Consort | Sigríð Storråda |
| Issue | Olof Skötkonung |
| House | Munsö |
| Father | Björn (III) Eriksson |
| Religion | Pagan, possibly briefly Christian |
Eric the Victorious (Old Norse: Eiríkr inn sigrsæli, Modern Swedish: Erik Segersäll) (c. 945? – c. 995) was the first Swedish king (c. 970–995) about whom anything definite is known.[2] Whether he actually qualifies as King of Sweden has been debated, as his son Olof Skötkonung was the first ruler documented to have been accepted both by the Svear around Lake Mälaren and by the Götar around Lake Vättern.
Sometimes, Eric the Victorious is referred to as either King Eric V or VI, modern inventions based on counting backwards from Eric XIV (1560–68), who adopted his numeral according to a mythological history of Sweden. Whether or not there were any Swedish monarchs named Eric before Eric the Victorious is disputed, with some historians claiming that there were several earlier Erics,[3] and others questioning the reliability of the primary sources used and the existence of these earlier monarchs.[4] The list of monarchs after him is also complicated (see Eric and Eric, as well as Erik Årsäll), which makes the assignment of any numeral problematic.
Eric's kingdom
His original territory lay in Uppland and neighbouring provinces. He acquired the name "victorious" because he defeated an invasion from the south in the Battle of Fýrisvellir located close to Uppsala.[5] Reports that Eric's brother Olof was the father of his opponent in that battle, Styrbjörn the Strong, belong to the realm of myth.[6]
The extent of his kingdom is unknown. In addition to the Swedish heartland round lake Mälaren it may have extended down the Baltic Sea coast as far south as Blekinge. According to Adam of Bremen, he also briefly controlled Denmark after the defeat of Sweyn Forkbeard.
According to the Flateyjarbok, his success was in large part due to an alliance with free farmers against the nobility, jarl class, although it is obvious from archaeological findings that the influence of the latter diminished during the last part of the tenth century.[7] He was probably responsible for the introduction of a system of universal conscription known as the ledung in the provinces around Mälaren.
In all probability he founded the town of Sigtuna, which still exists and where the first Swedish coins were stamped for his son and successor Olof Skötkonung.
Sagas as sources
Eric the Victorious appears in a number of Norse sagas, the historical tales which nonetheless had a dose of fiction. In various stories, he is described as the son of Björn Eriksson, and as having ruled together with his brother Olof. One saga describes his marriage to an infamous (and likely fictional) Sigrid the Haughty, daughter of the legendary Viking Skagul Toste; and how later on their divorce he gave her Götaland as a fief. According to Eymund's saga he took a new queen, Auð, the daughter of Haakon Sigurdsson, the ruler of Norway.
Before this happened, his brother Olof died, and a new co-ruler had to be appointed, but the Swedes are said to have refused to accept his rowdy nephew Styrbjörn the Strong as his co-ruler. Eric granted Styrbjörn 60 longships in which he sailed away to live out a seafaring existence as a Viking. He would become the ruler of Jomsborg and an ally of the Danish king Harold Bluetooth whose sister he wed. Styrbjörn returned to Sweden with an army, although Harald and the Danish troops supposedly turned back. Eric won the Battle of Fýrisvellir, according to Styrbjarnar þáttr Svíakappa after sacrificing to Odin and promising that if victorious, he would give himself to Odin in ten years.
Adam of Bremen
The German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen (c. 1075) provides by far the oldest narrative about Eric that differs substantially from the sagas. As his spokesman he refers to the current Danish king Sven Estridson whom he interviewed for his chronicle. Adam omitted the Battle of Fýrisvellir but relates that Eric gathered a large army and invaded Denmark, turning against king Sveyn Forkbeard. The immediate reason for the attack was not disclosed by Adam. However, it had to do with an alliance between Eric and the Polish ruler Mieszko I (c. 940-992) who gave his daughter (perhaps the person known in the later sagas as Sigrid the Haughty, in Polish possibly Świętosława) in marriage to the king.[10] Several battles were fought at sea, with the result that the Danish forces, attacked from the east by the Slavs, were entirely annihilated.[11] After his victory, Eric kept Denmark while Sveyn was forced to flee, first to Norway, then to England, and finally to Scotland whose king received the refugee with kindness.[12]
According to Adam, Eric's rule in Denmark coincided with increased Viking activity in northern Germany. A fleet of Swedish and Danish ships sailed up the Elbe and landed at Stade in Saxony. A Saxon army confronted the invaders but was badly defeated. Several prominent Saxons were captured and brought to the ships while the Vikings ravaged the province without meeting resistance. One of the prisoners, margrave Siegfried, managed to escape at night with the help of a fisherman. The infuriated Vikings then maimed their remaining prisoners and threw them on land. However, margrave Siegfried and duke Benno soon raised a new army and raided the Vikings encamped at Stade. Another Viking detachment was tricked deep into the desolate marsh of Glindesmoor by a captured Saxon knight, and annihilated by the pursuing Germans.[13]
Adam characterises Eric as a heathen, initially very hostile to the Christian religion. Nevertheless a number of missionaries were at work during the reign, foreigners as well as belonging to recently converted Nordic families. Among them was Odinkar the Elder who preached in Fyn, Sjaelland, Skåne and Sweden. Eventually Eric accepted baptism while he stayed in Denmark, apparently the first Swedish king to do so. Due to this significant event the missionaries were allowed to sail over from Denmark to Sweden where they "worked valiantly in the name of the Lord". After some time Eric forgot the Christian faith and reverted to the religion of his ancestors. When Eric died, Sveyn Forkbeard returned from exile and regained Denmark. Furthermore married Eric's widow, mother to his successor Olof Skötkonung. In that way an alliance between the Swedish and Danish royal houses was created.[14]
Adam's account seems to date the demise of Eric the Victorious between 992 (the accession of his ally Boleslaw I Chrobry) and 995 (when his son Olof's coinage in Sigtuna starts). The discrepancies between Adam and other documentary sources have led to a variety of interpretations among Swedish historians, especially concerning Eric's various marriages. The details about his conquest of Denmark have been questioned since they are unsupported by other materials. Still, a comparison between Adam and the Nordic sagas shows that he made an imprint in the collective memory as a warlike and successful ruler.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Bengt Liljegren, "Rulers of Sweden", Historiska Media, 2004. (translated by Adam Williams) p.11 ISBN 91-8505763-0
- ^ Lindkvist, Thomas (2003), "Kings and provinces in Sweden", The Cambridge History of Scandinavia, p. 223., ISBN 0-521-47299-7
- ^ Lagerqvist & Åberg in Kings and Rulers of Sweden ISBN 91-87064-35-9 pp. 8-9
- ^ Harrison, Dick (2009), Sveriges historia 600-1350, pp. 21, 121, ISBN 978-91-1-302377-9
- ^ Jones, Gwyn (1973), A History of the Vikings, Oxford University Press, p. 128., ISBN 0-19-285063-6
- ^ Odelberg, Maj (1995), "Eric Segersäll", Vikingatidens ABC, Swedish Museum of National Antiquities, ISBN 91-7192-984-3, retrieved 2007-08-18
- ^ Larsson, Mats G. (1998), Svitiod: resor till Sveriges ursprung, Atlantis, ISBN 91-7486-421-1
- ^ Finskt museum, Volym 23–29. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- ^ Numismatiska forskningsgruppen: verksamhetsberättelse 1992-1993 (PDF). Retrieved 7 September 2015."Brenners bestämningsmetoder för mynten före 1300-talets mitt visar inga spår av vetenskaplighet eller analytisk förmåga." English: Brenner's determination methods for the coins before the mid-14th century show no trace of scientific or analytical ability.
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) Historien om Hamburgstiftet och dess biskopar. Stockholm: Proprius Förlag, p. 119.
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) p. 86.
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) p. 88.
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) pp. 87-8.
- ^ Adam av Bremen (1984) p. 91.
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