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This article is about the 1960 film. For the Billy Idol song, see Eyes Without a Face (song).

Eyes Without a Face
Movie poster tinted red. It depicts Christiane Génessier's head wearing her mask staring away. In the bottom right corner, Doctor Génessier is suffocating a female victim. Text at the top of the image includes the two leads and the film's title. Text at the bottom left of the poster reveals further production credits.
French theatrical release poster
Directed byGeorges Franju
Screenplay byGeorges Franju
Jean Redon
Pierre Boileau
Thomas Narcejac
Claude Sautet
Produced byJules Borkon
StarringPierre Brasseur
Édith Scob
Alida Valli
Juliette Mayniel
CinematographyEugen Schüfftan
Edited byGilbert Natot
Music byMaurice Jarre
Production
companies
Distributed byLux Compagnie Cinématographique de France[1]
Release date
  • 2 March 1960 (1960-03-02) (France)
Running time
90 minutes
CountriesFrance
Italy[1]
LanguageFrench

Eyes Without a Face (French: Les Yeux sans visage) is a 1960 film co-written and directed by Georges Franju and starring Pierre Brasseur and Alida Valli, based on the novel of the same name by Jean Redon. Brasseur's character is a plastic surgeon who is determined to perform a face transplant on his daughter, who was disfigured in an auto crash. During the film's production, consideration was given to the standards of European censors by setting the right tone, minimizing gore and eliminating the mad scientist character. Although the film passed through the European censors, the film's release in Europe caused controversy nevertheless. Critical reaction ranged from praise to disgust.

The film received an American debut in an edited and dubbed form in 1962 under the title of The Horror Chamber of Dr. Faustus. In the United States, Faustus was released as a double feature with The Manster. The film's initial critical reception was not overtly positive, but subsequent theatrical and home video re-releases improved its reputation.[2] Modern critics praise the film for its poetic nature as well as being a notable influence on other filmmakers.

Plot

At night just outside Paris, a woman drives along a riverbank and dumps a corpse in the river. After the body is recovered, Dr. Génessier identifies the remains as those of his missing daughter, Christiane Génessier, whose face was horribly disfigured in an automobile accident that occurred before her disappearance, for which he was responsible. Dr. Génessier lives in a large mansion, which is adjacent to his clinic, with numerous caged German Shepherds and other large dogs.

Following Christiane's funeral, Dr. Génessier and his assistant Louise, the woman who had disposed of the dead body earlier, return home where the real Christiane is hidden (it's explained that Louise is deathlessly loyal to Génessier because he repaired her own badly damaged face, leaving only a barely noticeable scar she covers with a pearl choker). The body belonged to a young woman who died following Dr. Génessier's unsuccessful attempt to graft her face onto his daughter's. Dr. Génessier promises to restore Christiane's face and insists that she wear a mask to cover her disfigurement. After her father leaves the room, Christiane calls her fiancé Jacques Vernon, who works with Dr. Génessier at his clinic, but hangs up without saying a word.

Black and white screen capture of the film showing character Christiane wearing her white featureless mask that covers her face.
Christiane (Édith Scob) fails to make a phone call to Jacques Vernon. Scob's face is hidden behind a face-like mask for most of the film.

Louise lures a young Swiss girl named Edna Grüber to Génessier's home. Génessier chloroforms Edna and takes her into his secret laboratory. Christiane secretly watches her father and Louise carry Edna to the lab, and then goes to tenderly caress the dogs her father keeps caged, who eagerly accept her love, and are unaffected by her appearance.

Dr. Génessier performs heterograft surgery, removing Edna's face. The doctor successfully grafts the skin onto his daughter's face and holds the heavily bandaged and faceless Edna against her will. Edna escapes, but falls to her death from an upstairs window. After disposing of Edna's corpse, Génessier notices flaws on Christiane's face. Her face grows worse within days; the new tissue is being rejected and she must resort to wearing her mask again. Christiane again phones Jacques and this time says his name, but the phone call is interrupted by Louise.

Jacques reports the call to the police, who have been investigating the disappearance of several young women with blue eyes and similar facial characteristics. The police have gained a lead concerning a woman who wears a pearl choker, whom Jacques recognizes as Louise. Inspector Parot, an officer investigating Edna's disappearance, hires a young woman named Paulette Mérodon (recently arrested for shoplifting) to help investigate by checking herself into Génessier's clinic. After being declared healthy, Paulette leaves for Paris and is promptly picked up by Louise, who delivers her to Dr. Génessier. Génessier is about to begin surgery on Paulette when Louise informs him that the police want to see him.

While the doctor talks with the police, Christiane, who has long been disenchanted with her father's experiments, while slowly losing her sanity from guilt and isolation, frees Paulette and murders Louise by stabbing her in the neck. She also frees the dogs and doves that her father uses for experiments. Dr. Génessier dismisses the police (who readily accept his explanations) and returns to his lab, where an abandoned German Shepherd he had only recently obtained for his experiments attacks him, inciting the other dogs to follow suit—maddened by pain and confinement, they maul him to death, disfiguring his face in the process. Christiane, unmoved by her father's death, walks slowly into the woods outside Génessier's house with one of the freed doves in her hands.

Cast

  • Pierre Brasseur as Doctor Génessier, physician and father of Christiane. Génessier experiments on his pet dogs and performs heterograft surgeries on women to try and restore the face of his daughter Christiane. Brasseur previously worked with director Georges Franju in the drama, La Tête contre les murs (1958), again in a leading role playing a doctor.[3]
  • Édith Scob as Christiane Génessier, Doctor Génessier's daughter. Christiane's face was damaged in a car accident caused by her father. For most of the film, her face is covered by a stiff mask that resembles her face before the accident. Like Brasseur, Scob was also cast by Franju in La Tête Contre les Murs, but in a minor role.[3] Scob later worked with Franju on four other films.[4]
  • Alida Valli as Louise, a woman who is Génessier's assistant, kidnaps young women, assists him in the laboratory and acts as a surrogate mother to Christiane. Louise aids Génessier partly because of his help in restoring her damaged face in events that happened before the film begins.
  • François Guérin as Jacques Vernon, a student of Génessier and Christiane's fiancé. Jacques is unaware of Doctor Génessier's criminal activity and believes Christiane is dead. After receiving a phone call from Christiane, he helps the police in investigating the crime.
  • Juliette Mayniel as Edna Grüber, a young woman who becomes a victim of Doctor Génessier's experiments after being befriended by Louise in Paris. Edna is the first woman whose face is successfully transplanted to Christiane. While recovering from the surgery, she attacks Louise and then leaps from a window at Génessier's home and dies.
  • Alexandre Rignault as Inspector Parot, a police inspector investigating the disappearances of Génessier's victims. Parot ultimately discovers that all of the missing girls have similar features.
  • Béatrice Altariba as Paulette Mérodon, a young woman who is taken into police custody after being caught shoplifting. Due to a resemblance with the women Génessier has kidnapped, she is informed by Parot that the charges against her will be dropped if she checks into Génessier's clinic. She is subsequently released and kidnapped to have her face transplanted, but is saved by Christiane before Génessier is able to perform surgery on her.

Production

At the time, modern horror films had not been attempted by French film makers until producer Jules Borkon decided to tap into the horror market. Borkon bought the rights to the Redon novel and offered the directorial role to one of the founders of Cinémathèque Française, Franju, who was directing his first non-documentary feature La Tête contre les murs (1958).[5] Franju had grown up during the French silent-film era when filmmakers such as Georges Méliès and Louis Feuillade were making fantastique-themed films, and he relished the opportunity to contribute to the genre.[6] Franju felt the story was not a horror film; rather, he described his vision of the film as one of "anguish... it's a quieter mood than horror... more internal, more penetrating. It's horror in homeopathic doses."[7]

To avoid problems with European censors, Borkon cautioned Franju not to include too much blood (which would upset French censors), refrain from showing animals getting tortured (which would upset English censors) and leave out mad-scientist characters (which would upset German censors). All three of these were part of the novel, presenting a challenge to find the right tone for presenting these story elements in the film. First, working with Claude Sautet who was also serving as first assistant director and who laid out the preliminary screenplay, Franju hired the writing team of Boileau-Narcejac (Pierre Boileau and Thomas Narcejac) who had written novels adapted as Henri-Georges Clouzot's Les Diaboliques (1955) and Alfred Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958).[7] The writers shifted the novel's focus from Doctor Génessier's character to that of his daughter, Christiane; this shift revealed the doctor's character in a more positive and understandable light and helped to avoid the censorship restrictions.[6]

For his production staff, Franju enlisted people with whom he had previously worked on earlier projects. Cinematographer Eugen Schüfftan, best remembered for developing the Schüfftan process, was chosen to render the visuals of the film. Schüfftan had worked with Franju on La Tête Contre les Murs (1958).[8] Film historian David Kalat called Shüfftan "the ideal choice to illustrate Franju's nightmares".[6] French composer Maurice Jarre created the haunting score for the film.[7] Jarre had also previously worked with Franju on his film La Tête Contre les Murs (1958).[8] Modern critics note the film's two imposing musical themes, a jaunty carnival-esque waltz (featured while Louise picks up young women for Doctor Génessier) and a lighter, sadder piece for Christiane.[9][10][11]

Release

A film poster advertising for the films The Manster on the right and The Horror Chamber of Dr.Faustus on the left. The left side features a skeleton and a small image of suffocation from the film as well as text praising the film. The second side of the poster features a two-headed man wielding a dagger with a woman in peril at the bottom dressed in white.
The film was released in America as The Horror Chamber of Dr. Faustus along with The Manster in 1962. In this poster, the distributors play on the artistic nature of the film that modern critics would later praise.[12]

Eyes without a Face completed filming in 1959, and was premiered in Paris on March 2, 1960.[13] Although it passed through the European censors, the film caused controversy on its release in Europe. The French news magazine L'Express commented that the audience "dropped like flies" during the heterografting scene.[6] During the film's showing at the 1960 Edinburgh Film Festival, seven audience members fainted, to which director Franju responded, "Now I know why Scotsmen wear skirts."[6][14]

For the American release in 1962, the film was edited, dubbed into English, and re-titled The Horror Chamber of Dr. Faustus.[15] Edits in the Dr. Faustus version removed parts of the heterografting scene as well as scenes showing Doctor Génessier's more human side, such as his loving care for a small child at his clinic.[6] The distributors recognized the artistic merit of the film and played up that element in promotion with an advertisement quoting the London Observer's positive statements about the film and noting its showing at the Edinburgh Film Festival.[6] This was in contrast to the presentation of the secondary feature, The Manster (1962), which mainly focused on the carny-show aspect with its "two-headed monster" and "Invasion from outer space by two-headed creature killer".[16] Eyes Without a Face had a very limited initial run and there was little commentary from the American mainstream press.[17]

Reception

On the film's initial release, the French critics' general response was moderate, ranging from mild enthusiasm to general disdain or disappointment, claiming it to be either a repetition of German expressionism or simply a disappointment of the director's leap from documentary filmmaker to a genre film-maker claiming the film to be in a "minor genre, quite unworthy of his abilities".[18][19][20] Franju responded to these comments claiming the film was his attempt to get the minor genre to be taken seriously.[20] In England, Isabel Quigly, film critic for The Spectator, called it "the sickest film since I started film criticism",[21] while a reviewer who admitted that she liked the film was nearly fired.[6] A review in Variety was negative, noting specifically that the "stilted acting, asides to explain characters and motivations, and a repetition of effects lose the initial impact" and an "unclear progression and plodding direction give [the film] an old-fashioned air".[22] The English Monthly Film Bulletin was of the opinion that "when a director as distinguished as Georges Franju makes a horror film...one cannot but feel tempted to search for symbols, an allegory, layers, or interpretation. Unhappily there is practically nothing in this inept work to offer any encouragement for doing so."[23] The review said there was "a strange and poetic opening" and Schuftan's "haunting camerawork allies itself perfectly to Maurice Jarre's obsessive score" while" Brasseur and Valli were "sadly wasted" and that they "do what they can with almost non-existent characters".[23]

Eyes Without a Face received a theatrical re-release in a September 1986 re-release in conjunction with retrospectives at the National Film Theatre in London and at the Cinémathèque Française for the film archive's 50th anniversary in France. As Franju was the archive's co-founder, the Cinémathèque Française celebrated by presenting the director's back catalogue. With the renewed interest, the film's critical reputation began to be re-evaluated.[6][18][19] French critics' response to the film was significantly more positive than it was on its original release, with former editor-in-chief of Cahiers du cinéma Serge Daney calling the film "a marvel".[18]

The film was re-released in its original and uncut form to American theaters on October 31, 2003.[24] Based on 54 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, Eyes Without a Face received an average 98% fresh rating with an average rating of 8.4/10.[12][24] The reviewers commented on the film's poetic nature and noted the strong influence of French poet and filmmaker Jean Cocteau. Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader praised the film, referring to it as "absurd and as beautiful as a fairy tale".[25] J. Hoberman of The Village Voice declared the film "a masterpiece of poetic horror and tactful, tactile brutality".[26] The Encyclopedia of Horror Films agreed with the assertion of Cocteau's influence, stating that "Franju invests [the film] with a weird poetry in which the influence of Cocteau is unmistakable".[25] David Edelstein, writing for Slate, commented that "the storyline is your standard obsessed-mad-doctor saga, one step above a Poverty Row Bela Lugosi feature ... [b]ut it's Lugosi by way of Cocteau and Ionesco".[10] In the early 2010s, Time Out conducted a poll with several authors, directors, actors and critics who have worked within the horror genre to vote for their top horror films.[27] Eyes Without a Face placed at number 34 on their top 100 list.[28]

Soundtrack

Ma Periode Française
Soundtrack album by
Maurice Jarre
ReleasedFebruary, 2005
GenreFilm music
Length71:11
LabelPlay Time

In February 2005, the French soundtrack record label Play Time released the soundtrack on compact disc along with other soundtracks performed by Jarre. This also includes soundtracks from other Franju films including La Tête contre les Murs and Thérèse Desqueyroux.[29]

All music is composed by Maurice Jarre[29]

No.TitleFilmLength
1."Générique / Surprise-partie"La Tête contre les Murs4:30
2."Thème de Stéphanie"La Tête contre les Murs4:30
3."Enterrement à l'asile"La Tête contre les Murs2:44
4."Générique"Eyes Without a Face2:05
5."Thème romantique"Eyes Without a Face2:50
6."Filature"Eyes Without a Face1:23
7."Des phares dans la nuit"Eyes Without a Face3:32
8."Valse poursuite"Eyes Without a Face1:45
9."Final"Eyes Without a Face1:01
10."Générique"Thérèse Desqueyroux1:54
11."Non-lieu"Thérèse Desqueyroux1:35
12."Thérèse Desqueyroux"Thérèse Desqueyroux2:50
13."La femme idéale"Les Dragueurs2:36
14."La ballade des dragueurs"Les Dragueurs2:47
15."Surboum chez Ghislaine"Les Dragueurs2:01
16."L'oiseau de paradis"L'Oiseau de Paradis2:48
17."L'univers d'Utrillo"Un court-métrage de Georges Régnier 4:44
18."Générique"Le Soleil dans l'œil2:28
19."Thème"Mort, où est ta Victoire ?3:30
20."Valse de Platonov"Recours en Grâce3:50
21."Les animaux (générique)"Les Animaux1:20
22."Pavane des flamands roses"Les Animaux2:43
23."La fête"Les Animaux2:18
24."Surf des loutres"Les Animaux1:59
25."Mourir à Madrid"Mourir à Madrid4:21
26."Générique"Week-End à Zuydcoote2:28
27."Sergent Maillat"Week-End à Zuydcoote3:10
28."Final"Week-End à Zuydcoote1:29

Legacy

The film has influenced a number of European films since its release. Spanish director Jesús Franco created films throughout his career that were influenced by the film.[30] Franco's first such film was the Spanish/French co-production Gritos en la noche (1962). Franco's version of the story concerns the efforts of a mad surgeon, Dr. Orloff, to reconstruct the face of his disfigured daughter Melissa. Inspector Edgar Tanner investigates Orloff using his girlfriend, Wanda Bronsky, as an undercover spy. Franco followed the film with several sequels to Gritos en la noche.[31] He made one more film strongly influenced by the Franju film, Faceless (1988). Faceless has a similar plot involving beautiful women who are abducted by Dr. Flamand's (Helmut Berger) female assistant and kept hostage. The doctor uses the skin of the women to perform plastic surgery on his disfigured sister, but the experiments leave the victims mutilated and dead.[32] The Italian film Atom Age Vampire (1961) was also influenced by Eyes Without a Face with a doctor attempting to take the faces of other women to repair his daughter's face.[33] These homages are seen in the plot line of a police lieutenant who is investigating the circumstances behind the death of a young girl whose body has scars around the eyes. The lieutenant's investigation eventually leads him to a plastic surgery clinic, a similar plot motivation to Eyes Without a Face.[34] The British film Corruption (1968), starring Peter Cushing adds a new variation to the theme: a surgeon tries to restore his fiancée's beauty by repeatedly treating her with fluids extracted from the pituitary glands of murdered female victims. Spanish director Pedro Almodóvar has stated his film The Skin I Live In (2011), which features a mad scientist who performs skin grafts and surgeries on an unwilling victim, was heavily influenced by Eyes without a Face.[35]

American film director John Carpenter has suggested that the film inspired the idea of a featureless mask for the Michael Myers character in the slasher film series Halloween. Carpenter recalls that the film crew "didn't have any money to make a mask. It was originally written the way you see it, in other words, it's a pale mask with human features, almost featureless. I don't know why I wrote that down, why Debra [Hill] and I decided on that, maybe it was because of an old movie called Eyes Without a Face."[36]

DVD film reviews have suggested the film influenced director John Woo; critics have compared the graphic detail of the face transplant scene in Woo's action film Face/Off (1997) to the face transplant scene in Eyes Without a Face.[9][37][38] Another resemblance is Woo's use of white doves in his films that is similar to the character Christiane's dove-laden escape in the film's finale.[9]

In 2001, on VH1 Storytellers,[39] singer Billy Idol cited the film as giving him the idea for his song "Eyes Without a Face." The song, which has the film's original French title ("Les Yeux Sans Visage") as the recurring background chorus, takes the father-daughter relationship from the film and recasts it as the deteriorated relationship between the narrator and his lover. The song became Idol's first top-10 hit in the U.S.

Home video

Eyes Without a Face was released on VHS on January 9, 2001 by Kino Video and on DVD on October 19, 2004 by The Criterion Collection.[24] The DVD also contains Georges Franju's first documentary Blood of the Beasts (1949), a depiction of a French slaughterhouse.[6] A Region 2 release of Eyes Without a Face was released April 21, 2008 by Second Sight Films.[40][41] A Region 4 edition of the film was released on July 2, 2007 by Umbrella Entertainment.[42] The disc also included Franju's documentary Blood of the Beasts.[42] In 2013, The Criterion Collection released the film on Blu-ray, this time transferred directly from the camera negative.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Les Yeux sans visage" (in French). Bifi.fr. Retrieved July 12, 2017.
  2. ^ Schneider 2005, p. 365.
  3. ^ a b Erickson, Hal. "La Tête Contre les Murs: Overview". AllMovie. Retrieved February 13, 2013.
  4. ^ "Édith Scob (Actress)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 7, 2008.[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ Ince 2005, p. 48.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Eyes Without a Face (Booklet). Franju, Georges. New York City: The Criterion Collection. 2004 [1959]. 260.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
  7. ^ a b c Turan 2005, p. 92.
  8. ^ a b "La Tête Contre les Murs : Production Credits". AllMovie. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
  9. ^ a b c Bourne, Mark. "Quick Reviews: Eyes Without a Face". DVD Journal. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
  10. ^ a b Edelstein, David (October 29, 2004). "Ick Flicks". Slate. Archived from the original on July 18, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  11. ^ Mairs, Gary. "Eyes Without a Face (Les Yeux Sans Visage)". culturevulture.net. Archived from the original on July 18, 2008. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  12. ^ a b "Eyes Without a Face Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  13. ^ Ince 2005, p. 162.
  14. ^ Ince 2005, p. 50.
  15. ^ Turan 2005, p. 91.
  16. ^ Hawkins 2000, p. 75.
  17. ^ Hawkins 2000, p. 84.
  18. ^ a b c Ince 2005, p. 51.
  19. ^ a b Wheatley, Catherine. "Les Yeux sans visage". Senses of Cinema. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
  20. ^ a b Ince 2005, p. 52.
  21. ^ Ashby & Higson 2000, p. 222.
  22. ^ Variety Staff (January 1, 1959). "Les Yeux Sans Visage". Variety. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  23. ^ a b P.J.D. (1960). "Yeux Sans Visage, Les". The Monthly Film Bulletin. Vol. 27, no. 312. London: British Film Institute. p. 36.
  24. ^ a b c "Eyes Without a Face (re-release) (2003): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved February 7, 2008.
  25. ^ a b Hawkins 2000, p. 82.
  26. ^ Hoberman, J. (October 28, 2003). "Mad Scientist Seeks Flesh for Fantasy in French Scare Classic". The Village Voice. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  27. ^ "The 100 best horror films". Time Out. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  28. ^ NF. "The 100 best horror films: the list". Time Out. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  29. ^ a b "Anthologie 80ème Anniversaire". FGL Productions (in French). Retrieved August 26, 2008. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  30. ^ Hawkins 2000, p. 87.
  31. ^ Firsching, Robert. "The Awful Dr. Orlof". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  32. ^ Pavlides, Dan. "Faceless". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2008.
  33. ^ Binion, Cavett. "Atom Age Vampire". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
  34. ^ Buchanan, Jason. "Chrysalis". AllMovie. Archived from the original on April 26, 2006. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
  35. ^ Suárez López, Gonzalo (May 19, 2011). "Interview with Pedro Almodóvar". Cineuropa. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  36. ^ Carpenter, John (2003). A Cut Above the Rest (Halloween: 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features) (DVD Region 2). Anchor Bay, 2003.
  37. ^ Jacobson, Michael. "Eyes Without a Face". DVD Movie Central. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  38. ^ Gilvear, Kevin. "Eyes without a Face". DVD Times. Retrieved January 1, 2007.
  39. ^ VH1 Storytellers, Episode 53, April 19, 2001.
  40. ^ "Second Sight – Classic Film and TV on DVD". secondsightfilms.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
  41. ^ "Eyes Without a Face: Overview". AllMovie. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved August 13, 2009.
  42. ^ a b "Umbrella Entertainment: Products". umbrellaent.com.au. Archived from the original on February 24, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  43. ^ Georges Franju: Eyes Without a Face. The Criterion Collection, 260. (Blu-ray 2013) Sleeve note, p. 17.

Bibliography

  • Ashby, Justine; Higson, Andrew (2000). British Cinema: Past and Present. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22061-0.
  • Ince, Kate (2005). Georges Franju. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-6828-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Hawkins, Joan (2000). Cutting Edge: Art-Horror and the Horrific Avant-Garde. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3414-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Schneider, Steven Jay (2005). 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-5907-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Turan, Kenneth (2005). The X-list: The National Society of Film Critics' Guide to the Movies That Turn Us On. Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81445-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)}
  • Hardy, Phil; Milne, Tom; Willemen, Paul (1986). The Encyclopedia of Horror Movies. Harper and Row. ISBN 0-06-055050-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)}
  • Munden, Kenneth White (1971). The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-20970-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)}
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