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Franz Ritter von Epp

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Franz Ritter von Epp
File:Franz Ritter von Epp2.jpg
Reichsstatthalter of Bavaria
In office
10 April 1933 – 29 April 1945
Reichskommissar of Bavaria
In office
10 March 1933 – 10 April 1933
Member of the Reichstag
In office
20 May 1928 – 23 May 1945
Personal details
Born(1868-10-16)16 October 1868
Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria
Died31 January 1947(1947-01-31) (aged 78)
Munich, Germany
Resting placeMunich Waldfriedhof
NationalityGerman
Political partyBVP, from 1928 NSDAP

Franz Xaver Ritter von Epp, from 1916 Ritter von Epp, (16 October 1868 – 31 January 1947)[1][Notes 1] was a German general and politician who started his military career in the Bavarian Army. Successful wartime military service earned him a knighthood in 1916. After the end of World War I and the dissolution of the German Empire, von Epp was a commanding officer in the Freikorps and the Reichswehr. He was a member of Bavarian People's Party, before joining the Nazi Party in 1928, when he was elected as a member of the German parliament or Reichstag, a position he held until the fall of Nazi Germany. He was the Reichskommissar, later Reichsstatthalter, for Bavaria.

Biography

Military career

Franz Epp was born in Munich in 1868, the son of the painter Rudolph Epp and Katharina Streibel. He spent his school years in Augsburg and after this joined the military academy in Munich. He served as a volunteer in East Asia during the Boxer rebellion in 1900–01 and then became a company commander in the colony of German South-West Africa (now Namibia), where he took part in the bloody Herero and Namaqua Genocide.[2] During the First World War, he served as the commanding officer of the Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment in France, Serbia, Romania, and at the Isonzo front.

For his war service, Epp received numerous medals, of which the Pour le Mérite (29 May 1918) was the most significant. He was also knighted, being made Ritter von Epp on 25 February 1918, and received the Bavarian Military Order of Max Joseph (23 June 1916).

Freikorps

After the end of the war, Epp formed the Freikorps Epp, a right-wing paramilitary unit mostly made up of war veterans, of which the future leader of the SA Ernst Röhm was a member.[3] This unit took part in the crushing of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich, being responsible for various massacres. Epp joined the Reichswehr and was promoted to Generalmajor in 1922. He took his leave from the German Army after getting involved with right-wing associations in 1923.

When it became necessary for the Nazi Party to purchase a newspaper to publicize its political creed, Epp made available some 60,000 Reichsmarks from secret army funds to acquire the Völkischer Beobachter,[4] which became the daily mouthpiece of the party.

As the Sturmabteilung (SA) expanded, it became an armed band of several hundred thousand men, whose function was to guard Nazi rallies and disrupt those of other political parties. Some of its leaders, particularly Ernst Röhm, visualized the SA as supplanting the regular army when Adolf Hitler came to national power. To this end, a department was set up under Epp called the Wehrpolitisches Amt (Army political office). Nothing came of this, as a distrustful Hitler had the SA crushed and many of its leaders killed in the Night of the Long Knives in the summer of 1934.

Career in parliament

Epp became a member of the German parliament, the Reichstag, for the Nazi Party after leaving the Bavarian People's Party in 1928, holding this position until 1945. He served as the Nazi Party's head of its Military-Political Office from 1928 to 1945, and later as leader of the German Colonial Society, an organization devoted to regaining Germany's lost colonies.

Reichskommissar of Bavaria

Epp's final notable historical action occurred on 9 March 1933, two weeks before the Reichstag passed the enabling act, which granted Hitler dictatorial powers. On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick, he abolished the Government of Bavaria and set up a Nazi regime. He became Reichskommissar, later Reichsstatthalter, for Bavaria in 1933, in this position clashing with Bavaria's Nazi prime minister Ludwig Siebert, with Siebert eventually succeeding Epp.

On 8 May 1933, von Epp's DO X crashed at the Passau Kachlet.[5] The city named one of its streets Ritter-von-Epp-Straße.[6]

Epp's attempt to limit the influence of the central government on Bavarian politics failed. He, however, retained his post as Reichsstatthalter until the end of the war, although by then he was politically insignificant.

Franz von Epp opening a school for colonialism in 1938

Arrest and death

He was arrested on Paul Giesler's orders in 1945, for being associated with the Freiheitsaktion Bayern, an anti-Nazi group led by Rupprecht Gerngroß. However, Epp had not wanted to be directly involved with the group, as he considered their goal—surrender to the Allies—a form of backstabbing of the German Army.[7]

Suffering from a heart condition, he was hospitalized at Bad Nauheim at the end of the war. On 9 May 1945, a clerk at the hospital alerted agents from the US Counterintelligence Corps that Epp was a patient there, and he was arrested and sent to a prison camp in Munich to await trial at Nuremberg.[8] He died in detention on 31 January 1947.[1][9]

Decorations and awards

Notes

Regarding personal names: Ritter is a title, translated approximately as 'Sir' (denoting a knight), not a first or middle name. There is no equivalent female form.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Epp's death date is often erroneously given as 31 December 1946. According to Lilla, Staatsminister, this error was replicated from the widely cited Neue Deutsche Biographie. The correct date, 31 January 1947, is confirmed by Epp's death certificate in the civil registry of Munich.

References

  1. ^ a b Lilla, Joachim: Epp, Franz Ritter v.. In: Staatsminister, leitende Verwaltungsbeamte und (NS-)Funktionsträger in Bayern 1918 bis 1945. Bayerische Landesbibliothek Online. Retrieved on 12 November 2015.
  2. ^ Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations Google book review, author: Kurt Jonassohn, Karin Solveig Björnson, publisher: Transaction Publishers
  3. ^ Eugene Davidson, The unmaking of Adolf Hitler, Google book review, publisher: University of Missouri Press
  4. ^ Shirer, William L.: The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 1960
  5. ^ Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, p. 76.
  6. ^ Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 249f
  7. ^ Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg – Bosls bayrische Biographie – Franz Ritter von Epp Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, author: Karl Bosl, publisher: Pustet, pp. 179–180 Template:De icon
  8. ^ Larry Myers, Hey Nazis, I'm Coming for You: Memories of Counter Intelligence Corps Activities in World War II, Gainsway Press, Fullerton, CA 2004; pp. 329-333.
  9. ^ "motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org". Retrieved 2007-08-24.
  10. ^ a b c d e Miller 2015, p. 393.
  11. ^ a b Miller 2015, p. 392.
  12. ^ a b c d e Miller 2015, p. 394.
  13. ^ Anna Rosmus: Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, p. 62f

Sources

Further reading

  • Ein Leben für Deutschland (A life for Germany), Autobiography by Franz Ritter von Epp, Munich, 1939.
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